征服者與統治者──十世紀以降中國中原與北方草原諸政權間的抗爭和互動之複雜性

Conquerors and Rulers: The Complexity of Struggles and Interactions between the Various Regimes in China and the Northern Steppes since the 10th Century

中國歷史在十世紀左右，亦即唐末五代時期的發展，可說是一個「多重歷史相互連鎖」的時代，吸引諸多學者的關注。本文擬以回顧與展望的方式，提請留意中原與草原各政權的抗爭和互動之複雜性。文中首先重新審視西方學界三位時代相近的東方學學者及其經典學說，包括賴德懋的中國邊疆史觀、魏復古的征服王朝理論與艾伯華的仕紳社會學說，藉由考察三人核心觀點的形成、異同及其相互影響，進而闡釋艾伯華的創見及限制。其次，以前述成果為基礎，利用艾齊尼對領導人必備三種權力的分析，界定沙陀政權與中原文化互動而產生的權力，從而審視其中的複雜性。最後將視野擴大至歐亞草原。學界此前對中原與草原互動有不夠周延之嫌，倘若藉助近年廣泛利用考古學、氣候學、人口學、地理學等學科的研究成果，應該無法忽視其複雜性。這提醒學者仍應從更多個案研究著手，深化對於內亞遊牧社會的認識，而不應過度簡化史實或放大典範。

Since the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties period around the 10th century, Chinese regimes and their northern steppe counterparts have engaged in dynamic and intense interactions, aptly described as the“interlocking of histories.”This paper begins by examining the classical theories of three Western Orientalists, including Owen Lattimore’s analysis of Chinese states at the borderlands with Inner Asian nomads, Karl A. Wittfogel’s studies on“Conquest Dynasties”in Chinese history, and Wolfram Eberhard’s“Gentry Society”framework for exploring social forces in medieval China. We also evaluate these scholars’contributions and mutual influences through a comparative approach,, with particular emphasis on Eberhard’s insights and limitations. Additionally, we suggest that Amitai Etzioni’s theory of three organizational power types—coercive, remunerative, and normative—provides a valuable lens for analyzing the ascent of Shatuo (沙陀) Turkic general Li Keyong (李克用; 856–908), who rose to power under Tang court endorsement. Finally, we highlight the multifaceted interactions between agrarian and nomadic societies along the Eurasian Steppe and advocate a multidisciplinary approach to historical research that integrates climatology, archaeology, demography, and geography to deepen understanding.