集合犯的實務動向與理論反省

Collective Offence in Taiwan’s Criminal Practice and Its Theoretical Reflection

本文討論在競合理論上具有重要意義的概念：「集合犯」，其涉及如何認定構成要件一行為之問題。原則上要成立集合犯，必須數次同種／異種行為的實行，在刑法規範評價上可以統合成單一行為，其解釋可以參考德國學說所謂「評價單數」的觀點，而成立評價單數的核心理由，在於整體事件僅帶來廣義單一損害後果的「結果單一」評價。
基此，本文認為要成立集合犯，必須構成要件具有擴張涵容數次犯行實行的特性；且在寬鬆時空密接關係的情況下，實行數次同種犯行，該數行為雖不要求如同接續犯般地密接，但實行時間也不能有太長的間隔；此外，該數行為實現單一損害後果，亦即所謂「結果單一」，可以把整體數行為納為「評價單數」，進而認定為構成要件一行為，最終局論以一罪。

This article discusses the concept of the ''collective offence,'' which holds significant importance in the theory of concurrence of offences. It concerns the issue of how to determine the constituent elements of a single act. In principle, to establish a collective offence, multiple instances of either identical or different acts must be executed, which can be evaluated as a single act under criminal law norms. This interpretation can refer to the German doctrine's notion of ''evaluative unity'' (Bewertungseinheit), where the core reason for establishing evaluative unity lies in the assessment that the entire event results in only one broad harm outcome, referred to as ''outcome unity.'' (Erfolgseinheit)
This article argues that to establish a collective offence, the constituent elements must have the characteristic of expansively encompassing multiple instances of conduct. In cases of relatively loose temporal and spatial proximity, where multiple identical offences are committed, these actions, though not requiring the immediate succession found in a continued offence, must not be separated by too long a time interval. Moreover, these multiple actions must bring about a single harmful outcome, i.e., the so-called ''Erfolgseinheit,'' allowing all of the actions to be evaluated as ''Bewertungseinheit.'' Consequently, these acts can be recognized as a single act under the constituent elements, ultimately leading to a conclusion of a single offence.