堂子與清朝的國家祀典

Tangse and the National Ritual System in the Qing Dynasty

清朝的堂子祭祀，源自女真族的薩滿信仰，隨著政權的發展，儀式日漸繁複，並與承繼自明朝的典禮相結合，成為國家祀典的一部分。一般認為《滿洲祭神祭天典禮》是屬於清朝皇室薩滿信仰的祭祀書，現有的研究也多將堂子祭祀歸入宮廷活動；事實上，無論是每年以元旦為起始的定期祭祀，或是因出征、凱旋所舉行的軍事典禮，都與國家的禮儀制度緊密結合。雖然清朝皇帝一再強調，堂子祭祀是滿洲的傳統，實際上卻是禮儀制度建構的過程。因此，本文以堂子為中心，就其祭祀儀式的變化，及其與漢式儀式的對接，分析堂子成為國家祀典體系一環的歷程，以呈現清朝政治文化的特色。

The Tangse rituals of the Qing Dynasty, which originated from Shamanism of the Jurchen people, gradually became more complex as the regime developed, and combined with the ceremonies inherited from the Ming Dynasty, became part of the state’s sacrificial rituals. It is generally believed that the Manzhou Jishen Jitian Dianli is a ritual book belonging to Shamanism of the Qing imperial family, and most of the existing studies also categorize the Tangse rituals as palace activities. In fact, both the regular annual rituals starting with New Year’s Day and the military ceremonies held in connection with expeditions and triumphs were closely integrated with the national ceremonial system. Although the Qing emperors repeatedly emphasized that Tangse rituals were a Manchurian tradition, they were in fact part of a process of ritual institution-building. Therefore, this paper analyzes the history of Tangse as a part of the national ritual system in terms of the changes in its sacrificial rituals and its interface with the Han rituals, in order to present the characteristics of the political culture of the Qing Dynasty.