《公羊》與《春秋公羊經傳解詁》論《春秋》書「弒」的書法和倫理

The Gong Yang Zhuan and the Chunqiu Gong Yang Jie Gu on the Chunqiu: Calligraphy and Ethics in the Writing of Regicide

《春秋》書「弒」，用字嚴格，意有所指，三《傳》解釋《春秋》的立場與講述、義理判準，亦各有歧出。其中，在《公羊》詮釋《春秋》弒君的事理基礎上，何休通過判別書寫異辭，視之為語言標記，藉以說明其建構的書法及義理系統。本文通過何休解釋《春秋》弒君25例，運用《公羊》學者主張的「所傳聞世」、「所聞世」與「所見世」——三世說歷史進程為期，考察《公羊》、何休《春秋公羊經傳解詁》對弒君事件的解釋，所建構的書法系統，對君臣綱常的說明及價值判準。闡述《公羊》除對「弒」書法的評議與敘事之外，還指出書「國氏」、「及」、「君之子」、「復歸」，不書「立」，稱「國」、「人」等書法及義理。在《公羊》書法說的基礎上，通過書日、月與否的書記，以及其他《春秋》異辭，何休增益相當繁複的書法與說解，建構其釋義理論與書法系統，從中可見其對國君繼位合法性的特殊關注，對君不君、臣不能不臣的價值評判，藉以發明其釋義取向，及其可能的時代因素與倫理要求。

The writing of regicide in the Chunqiu is characterized by its strict linguistic choices and distinctive semantic implications. The interpretations and narrative positions of the Chunqiu offered by the San Zhuan differ significantly, particularly in their criteria for determining meaning and value judgments. Among these, the Gong Yang interprets the records of regicide in the Chunqiu with a focus on distinguishing linguistic markers. Building upon this foundation, He-Xiu, through his differentiation of similar terms with subtle distinctions, regarded these as linguistic symbols, aiming to elucidate the Chunqiu’s stylistic system and ethical principles. Focusing on the interpretations provided in the Gong Yang and He-Xiu’s Chunqiu Gong Yang Jie Gu, this study examines He-Xiu’s explanations of 25 instances of regicide in the Chunqiu using the Three-Ages Theory—namely,“the Age of Transmission,”“the Age of Hearing,”and“the Age of Witnessing”(suo chuan wen shi, suo wen shi, suo jian shi)—as a framework for analyzing historical progression. It explores the construction of a writing system, explanations of the ethical framework of monarch-minister relations, and criteria for value judgments.
This article points out that the Gong Yang Zhuan, beyond its discussion of“shi”(弑), addresses various recording methods, such as“guo shi”(國氏),”ji”(及),“jun zhi zi”(君之子), and“fu gui”(復歸). Based on these principles, He-Xiu expanded the interpretive framework of the Chunqiu through detailed annotations on dates, whether recorded or omitted. His focus on the legitimacy of royal succession reflects a commitment to the ethical order of rulers and ministers, shaped by his historical and moral context.