關鍵要因之資源效益最大化──以墜落預防為例

Maximizing the Eesource Efficiency of Key Factor - Precautions of Falling Hazards for Example

根據2023年勞動檢查年報統計，112年重大職災死亡人數共計300人，其中因墜落、滾落導致的死亡達143人，占總數的47％，為最主要的職業災類型。在這些重大職災中，營造工程業的死亡人數達151人，占總數的50％。由於墜落災害死亡趨勢並無下降，加上營造業重大職災比率遠大於其他產業，勞動部職業安全衛生署於2024年更設定為「營造業墜落打擊年」，在在顯示各事業單位墜落災害預防刻不容緩且應持續強化。
本研究以關鍵災害要因為導向，探討營造業墜落災害事故的高職災因素，根據歷年職災案例分析顯示，造成墜落的原因及情境相似度高。同時由現場調查發現，現況存在安全設施、個人防護具、施工設備使用及設置等的缺失問題，其中又以施工架的配置、上下設備及安全設施做為開口防護的問題最為嚴重。因此，以80-20法則理論，提出造成墜落災害的3大關鍵要因包括：配置不當、本體防護不足或無安全設施、性能及強度不足。進一步以80-20法則提出「關鍵要因之資源效益最大化」之應用，期以新的思維與作法，提升工程的安全性。
事業單位可以針對最具影響力的關鍵要因，考量資源配置的效益，應用於預防措施策略；「關鍵要因」的應用，有助於事業單位有系統地選擇並做資源配置，達到資源效益最大化，從而有效提升工程的安全性，達到降低職業災害。

According to the latest disaster statistics from 2023, the number of deaths resulting from significant occupational disasters nationwide is 300. Falls and tumbles were the leading causes of occupational disaster fatalities, accounting for 143 deaths or 47% of the total. The occupational disaster rate in the construction industry is close to 50%, significantly higher than in other industries. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Ministry of Labor has set this year 2024 as the“year of fall hazards in the Construction Industry”, which once again reveals that the prevention of fall hazards in all business units must be undertaken without delay and must continue to be strengthened.
This study is oriented towards key disaster factors and explores the high occupational disaster factors of fall disaster accidents in the construction industry. Based on the analysis of occupational disaster cases over the years, the causes and situations of falls are highly similar. In the meantime, the on-site investigation found that there are deficiencies in safety facilities, personal protective equipment, and the utilization and installation of construction equipment, in which problems in the configuration of scaffoldings, equipment for elevation pathways, and safety facilities as opening protection are the most serious. Therefore, based on the Pareto principle, or 80/20 rule, it is proposed that the three key factors causing fall disasters include: improper configuration, insufficient body protection or lack of safety facilities, and insufficient performance and strength. Furthermore, the Pareto principle is used to propose the application of ''maximizing resource efficiency of key factors'', hoping to improve the safety of constructions with new thinking and practices.
Business units may consider the effectiveness of resource allocation based on the most influential key factors for the application to preventive measures and strategies to help business units systematically select and allocate resources to maximize resource efficiency, thereby effectively improving construction safety and reducing occupational disasters.