沙狀病毒出血熱之流行、檢驗診斷、治療與疫苗發展現況

沙狀病毒（Arenaviruses）可引起人類嚴重且致命的出血熱，為野生囓齒動物傳播之人畜共通傳染病，其囓齒動物宿主繁殖率高、分佈廣泛且能夠生存於多種棲息地，因此傳播病毒的致病風險需要被關注，其中拉薩病毒在西非國家頻繁造成疫情，有症狀之患者死亡率很高，存活者常遭受各種永久性後遺症（如感覺神經性聽力損失），造成極大的社會經濟負擔，因此世界衛生組織研發藍圖（World Health Organization Research and Development Blueprint, WHO R&D Blueprint），將其訂為排序優先病原體之一。由於沙狀病毒高致死率、跨境傳播之風險以及用於生物武器，可能造成嚴重的公共衛生威脅，需要積極發展醫療對策（medical countermeasures）加以防禦。本文就沙狀病毒引起人類出血熱之流行概況與醫療對策之進展進行綜述，以做為未來風險評估與防疫政策訂定之參考。

Arenaviruses cause zoonotic diseases spread by wild rodents, as well as a variety of severe and fatal hemorrhagic fevers in humans. The rodent hosts of arenaviruses are widely distributed, have high reproduction rates, and can survive in a variety of habitats. The risks of disease transmission need to be considered. Among them, the Lassa virus often causes epidemics in West African countries. Symptomatic patients have a high mortality rate, and survivors often suffer from various permanent sequelae (such as sensorineural hearing loss), causing a huge socioeconomic burden. Therefore, the Lassa virus is considered a high-priority pathogen, according to the WHO R&D Blueprint. Due to the high fatality rate of the arenavirus, the risk of overseas migration, and the potential for use as biological weapons, the arenavirus may pose a serious threat to public health and require aggressive medical countermeasures. We summarized relevant information on the epidemic situation of human hemorrhagic fever caused by the arenavirus and the progress of medical countermeasures, which provides a reference for future epidemic prevention policies.