建構一個「程序依賴」的個人不法理論

To Construct a „Procedure-Dependent” Theory of Criminal Illegality of Person

本文的目的在於建構一套程序依賴的個人不法理論。個人不法理論強調個人能力與法／不法概念之間的聯繫關係，可以上溯至HansWelzel。然而，在他提出個人不法理論的相關說法後，由於無法適切整合構成不法概念兩大支柱的主觀向度（目的）與社會向度（社會相當性），開啟了後世的爭論。基此，本文前半部將針對Welzel的原始論述，以及較具代表性的幾種個人不法理論進行分析與批判。而後，本文將提出並建構一個「程序依賴」的個人不法理論，在其中，不法的主觀向度與社會向度得以適切整合。本文承繼當代語言哲學的相關說法，認為：個人不是僅憑一己之力、無須他人存在即可發現自我的個化主體，也不是只能全面接受社會中所設定之行動選項的標準化角色，而是能夠穿梭其間，一般情形下接受角色，但必要時也能夠提供理由，創造改變可能性的「溝通理性主體」。基此，要宣稱特定不法判斷具有正當性，法共同體即須建構一個公正程序，讓行動者有可能改變社會既存的行為詮釋框架對其行為意涵的詮釋結果。也就是，公正程序提供了個人與社會的整合介面。最後，本文提出了此種不法理論的基本命題：「一個在公正刑事程序裡，透過生活界中的行為詮釋框架，被認定具有否定權利之意義的行為，即屬不法行為。」

The purpose of this article is to construct a „procedure-dependent” theory of criminal illegality of person, which emphasizes the link between personal capacity and the concept of legality/illegality. Such theories can be traced back to Hans Welzel. However, after he put forward the relevant statement, due to the inability to properly integrate the subjective dimension (purpose) and the social dimension (social equivalence) that constitute the two pillars of the concept of illegality, it sparked debates in later generations. Therefore, the first half of this article will analyze and criticize Welzel's original discussion and several representative theories of illegality of person. Then, this paper will propose and construct a ''procedure-dependent'' theory of criminal illegality of person, in which the subjective and social dimensions of illegality are properly integrated. Inheriting the related statements of contemporary philosophy of language, this paper holds that: persons are neither individuals who can discover themselves without the presence of others, nor standardized roles that can only fully accept the action options set by society, but a ''communicative rational subject'' who can travel through it, accept roles under normal circumstances, but also provide reasons when necessary to create the possibility of change. Based on this, in order to claim the legitimacy of a judgment of illegality, the legal community must construct a fair procedure that allows actors to change the interpretation of the meaning of their actions by the existing interpretation framework in society. That is, the fair procedure provides an interface for the integration of the person and society. Finally, this paper puts forward the basic proposition of this theory of illegality: ''An action that is deemed to have the meaning of denying rights through the framework of behavior interpretation in the world of life in a fair criminal procedure is an illegal action.''