科幻小說中的人工智慧、技術情感與演算法治理性

Artificial Intelligence, Technological Affections, and Algorithmic Governmenta lity in Science Fiction

各種技術物的誕生，使得人與人和人與物間的情感關係產生微妙的變化，〈Okay，葛洛莉〉和〈閃亮點點〉這兩篇短篇科幻故事，經由故障討論人與演算法機器的「情感」關係，處理情感如何被技術外部化的效應。這裏的技術外部化概念借用了史蒂格勒(Bernard Stiegler)的說法，史蒂格勒認為人藉由發明工具而在技術中發明了自己，也就是說在技術中外部化自己。所謂的外部化就是讓工具延伸身體功能，當代的電腦、人工智慧、網際網路等延伸或者代理了人的身體或意識種種的功能，甚至外部化人的欲望與情感。當代高科技產品幾乎皆為人工智慧產物，羅夫柔伊與本斯(Antoinette Rouvroy and Thomas Berns)指出人工智慧衍生出新的治理方式，也就是演算法治理性(algorithmic governmentality)，他們推論，在演算法治理下的個人不太可能具有數位主體性，個體使用人工智慧軟體時化約為統計上的雙胞胎(statistical doubles)，個體失去反思性及反抗的可能，承受去主體化之風險。本文結合史蒂格勒與羅夫柔伊和本斯對技術的看法，認為人工智慧技術誕生的演算法治理性形成了非意義式的技術意識，所以使用者很容易成為被動式個體，由機器介入幫助個體產生情感與記憶關係。本文將以此觀點深入研究〈Okay，葛洛莉〉和〈閃亮點點〉想像的網路生活∕命，及其中牽涉的技術情感。

The emergence of various technical objects has led to subtle changes in the relationships between humans and humans, and between humans and objects. The science fiction stories“Okay, Glory”and“Sparklybits”explore how affections are externalized by technology through the algorithmic malfunction of machines, which forcibly disrupts human attachment to machines. The term“technical exteriorization”is derived from Bernard Stiegler’s discussion of exteriorization in Technics and Time, 1. Stiegler asserts that humans invent themselves through technology by creating tools. In other words, humans externalize themselves through technology. Tools help extend the functions of the human body. For instance, computers, AI, the Internet, and other technologies extend or surrogate the functions of bodily organs and human consciousness to the extent of externalizing human desires and affections. Nowadays, high-tech products are increasingly related to AI. Antoinette Rouvroy and Thomas Berns associate AI with a new form of governmentality, which they term“algorithmic governmentality.”According to them, it is impossible for individuals to achieve digital subjectivity under algorithmic governmentality. When individuals use AI software, they are reduced to statistical doubles, losing the ability to resist or reflect on circumstances, thus risking de-subjectivization. This paper integrates Stiegler’s idea of exteriorization with Rouvroy and Berns’conception of technology, arguing that the algorithmic governmentality emerging from AI contributes to forming an a-signifying technical consciousness. Technology users tend to become passive when machines delegate their memories and affections. This paper examines cyberlife and technical affections in“Okay, Glory”and“Sparklybits”from the above perspective.