國際法院氣候變化諮詢意見案回溯：義務生成、責任判定與遵約訴求

Retrospection of the International Court of Justice's Climate Change Advisory Opinion Case: Obligation Generation, Liability Determination, and Compliance Claims

國際法院對氣候變化問題發表的諮詢意見案可能會對小島嶼國家基於實體氣候正義和程序氣候正義的價值訴求予以回應。國際社會對小島嶼國家因氣候變化問題產生的損害關切已久，對此發表的諮詢意見案或將形塑基於代際公平產生的對世義務，對國家之間氣候訴訟的司法實踐產生影響。雖然國際法院諮詢意見案對於當事國來說並非具有強制性法律效力，但是仍然承載著國際司法權威。世界各國以國際海洋法庭諮詢意見案、區域性人權法院作出裁決的案件和國內司法判例為主線，進一步闡釋了氣候權益解釋工具的司法實現進程。國際法院氣候變化諮詢意見案也為《巴黎協定》遵約問責機制的完善提供了軟法遵循，釐清了氣候公約的法律適用。中國應當通過倡導建構國際氣候良法和全球氣候善治，以此規範或規鎖氣候訴訟策略安排，摒棄氣候單邊主義、氣候壁壘以及地緣政治博弈所產生的不利後果，在《全球發展倡議》的框架下，俾克維護氣候正義，強化氣候共同體在“碳達峰、碳中和”秩序願景方面達成的多邊共識。

The advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on climate change may respond to the value demands of small island countries based on substantive and procedural climate justice. The international community has long been concerned about the damage caused by climate change in small island countries, and the advisory opinion issued in this regard may shape the obligation to the world based on intergenerational equity, which will have an impact on the judicial practice of climate litigation between countries. Although the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice does not have mandatory legal effect for the parties involved, it still carries international judicial authority. Countries around the world have further elaborated on the judicial implementation process of climate rights interpretation tools, with the International Maritime Court advisory opinion case, regional human rights court rulings, and domestic judicial precedents as the main thread. The International Court of Justice's advisory opinion on climate change will also provide soft law guidance for the improvement of the Paris Agreement's compliance accountability mechanism and clarify the legal application of the Climate Convention. China should promote the construction of international climate laws and global climate governance to regulate or regulate climate litigation strategies, abandon climate unilateralism, climate barriers, and the adverse consequences of geopolitical games. Within the framework of the Global Development Initiative, China should uphold climate justice and strengthen the multilateral consensus reached by the climate community in the of a ''carbon peak and carbon neutrality'' order.