行星與宇宙：國際法中的自足制度

Of Planets and the Universe: Self-contained Regimes in International Law

當代法律實踐要求在複雜的法律規範體系中確定規則的位階。隨著國際法擴展到貿易、環境和人權等不同領域，違反國際法義務的後果變得更加難以評估。本文探討了特別法優先原則在關於國家責任的一般國際法中作為有效確定特殊的次級規則的工具意義。在關於國家責任的一般規則是否可以補充適用的問題上，自足制度存在的“概念性”論點缺乏說服力，國家責任的一般規則仍將適用。不論是認為國際法中存在統一的法律秩序而推定關於國家責任的一般國際法具有可適用性的觀點，還是認為國際法不過是一些鬆散的子制度的結合而推定國際法特殊制度具有封閉性的觀點都無法解決問題，因為它們都傾向於將法律決策中不可避免的價值判斷模糊化。相反，將一般國際法作為補充（包括訴諸反措施等）具有規範上的合理性。最後，本文深入分析了外交法、歐共體法、WTO法和人權法等四個經常與自足制度相聯繫的子制度。

Contemporary legal practice requires the allocation of authority within a complex system of legal prescriptions. As international law has extended to areas as diverse as trade, environmental regulation and human rights, the consequences of breach of international legal obligations become more difficult to assess. The authors probe the role of the lex specialis maxim as a tool for the effective placing of special secondary rules within the general international law of state responsibility. The central question is: Are the general rules on state responsibility to apply residually? The authors answer in the affirmative. 'Conceptual' arguments for so-called self-contained regimes are unconvincing. Scholars who perceive international law as a unified legal order might be led to apply a presumption in favour of the applicability of the general international law of state responsibility. Scholars who regard international law as no more than the sum total of loosely interrelated subsystems tend to advocate a presumption in favour of the normative closure of a particular regime. In the authors' view, neither presumption is helpful, since both tend to obfuscate the value judgments that legal decision-making inevitably involves. Instead, the authors propose that a fallback on general international law, including resort to countermeasures, may be justified on normative grounds. A closer analysis of four subsystems that have often been associated with the notion of self-contained regimes-diplomatic law, European Community law, the WTO and human rights-concludes the discussion.