2023年行政法回顧

A Review of the Administrative Law in 2023

2023年的行政法回顧，可著重以下3個面向：
在行政法原理原則方面：憲法法庭在112年憲判字第7號判決中，針對工會法及其子法有關「廠場」的定義，是否違反法律保留原則及授權明確性原則，採取相對嚴格的審查標準。相較於此，針對公職人員年資核計與返還退離給與一案，憲法法庭在112年憲判字第3號判決中，就該案是否違反「個案立法禁止」與「法律不溯及既往原則」，則傾向以「特別重要的公共利益」為由，例外肯認相關規定的合憲性。
在行政作用法方面：關於以言詞作成的行政處分，未為救濟教示時，其法律效果應如何安排，法無明文。對此，最高行政法院112年度大字第2號裁定認為，應類推適用行政程序法第98條第3項規定，即救濟期間得展延為1年。
在行政救濟法方面：最高行政法院在111年度上字第163號判決中，肯認在以行政處分為撤銷客體的行政訴訟法第4條以外，應承認另一種形成訴訟類型（撤銷公法上擔保契約），以完備行政救濟體系，值得肯定。此外，最高法院民事大法庭在111年度台上大字第1706號裁定中，認為國家賠償法第2條第2項前段的保護法益，不應以民法第184條第1項前段所定的權利為限，有可能及於「純粹經濟上損失」。對於國家賠償法制的發展，具有開創性的重要意涵。

The following is a review of significant developments in administrative law in 2023, focusing on three key areas:
In terms of principles of administrative law: In Constitutional Court Judgment No. 7 in 2023, the Court adopted a relatively strict standard of review in determining whether the definition of ''plant cite'' in the Labor Union Act and its subordinate regulations violated the principle of legal reservation and the principle of explicit delegation. In contrast, in Constitutional Court Judgment No. 3 in 2023, regarding the constitutionality of discounting a civil servant's periods of employment in non-state organizations when calculating civil service pensions and consequent clawbacks, the Court tended to uphold the constitutionality of the relevant provisions by way of exception, citing ''particularly important public interests'' to justify violations of the prohibition of an individualized law and the principle of non-retroactive.
In terms of administrative action law: Regarding oral administrative acts that fail to provide instructions for relief, there is no explicit legal provision governing their legal effects. In its Ruling No. 2 in 2023, the Supreme Administrative Court held that Article 98, paragraph 3 of the Administrative Procedure Act should be applied by analogy, extending the remedy period to one year.
In terms of administrative remedies act: In its Judgment No. 163 in 2023, the Supreme Administrative Court recognized that, in addition to Article 4 of the Administrative Litigation Act, which governs administrative litigation with an administrative act as the object of revocation, there should be another type of formation litigation (to revoke a public law guaranty contract) to complete the administrative remedy system. This is a commendable development. Furthermore, in its Ruling No. 1706 in 2023, the Supreme Court held that the protected legal interests under the front section of second paragraph of Article 2 of the State Compensation Law should not be limited to right stipulated in the front section of first paragraph of Article 184 of the Civil Code, and may extend to ''pure economic loss.'' This has groundbreaking implications for the development of the state compensation law system.