結合形態仿生於形態仿繪之觀察力教學研究

Research on Observation Teaching Model Combining Form Bionics with Form Imitation Drawing

小學高年級學童對於寫實繪畫表現常以「畫得像」為標竿，但因缺少實際可行的方法而感到氣餒，導致繪畫動機逐年減弱，此階段兒童認知發展必需具有實物協助思考與操作。本研究企盼提升高年級學童繪畫觀察之寫實表現，設計以科學觀察介入繪畫寫實觀察之教學模式，運用形態仿生於形態仿繪之繪畫細部觀察，並以實驗教學分析觀察法是否能提升五年級學童對於物種細部特徵之掌握程度，藉由獨立樣本t檢定與卡方檢定，量化驗證形態仿生觀察法之學習成效。研究結果為：(1)形態仿生教學法提出先理解內部結構和功能，再仿繪外觀形態，最後進行形態仿生設計角色；(2)結合形態仿生於形態仿繪之教學模式分為「預備知識→仿繪行動→轉化知識→驗證知識」四階段；(3)形態仿生觀察力之教學能以科學邏輯方式觀察局部特徵，提高特徵的理解與操作能力。從研究結果顯示，當教學者引導學童以科學觀察的方法用於寫實繪畫，能提升學童描繪出細節特徵的能力，因此結合形態仿生於形態仿繪之觀察力教學已具初步成效，後續將朝向形態仿生觀察力之延續性和穩固性做深度分析。

Senior students often take ''painting likeness'' as the benchmark for realistic painting performance, but they feel discouraged due to the lack of practical methods, which leads to the weakening of painting motivation year by year. At this stage of cognitive development, children must have concrete objects to assist thinking and operations. This study hopes to improve the realistic performance of senior students' painting observation, so it conducts a design teaching model that intervenes in scientific observation and realistic observation of painting, use morphological imitation to observe the details of paintings in morphological imitation painting, experimental teaching was also used to analyze whether the observation method can improve fifth grade students' mastery of the detailed characteristics of species. The independent sample t test and chi-square test were used to quantitatively verify the learning effectiveness of the morphological bionic observation method. The results were as follow: (1) The morphological bionic teaching method proposes first ''understanding the internal'' structure and function of an objet, then ''imitating the appearance'' of the objet, and finally conducting ''morphological bionics'' in character design ;(2) The teaching model that combines morphological bionics with form imitation drawing consists of four phases : ''preparing knowledge→mimetic action→knowledge transformation→knowledge verification''; (3) The teaching of morphological bionic observation skills employs the scientific and logical observation of local features to enhance students' abilities to understand and manipulate forms. The results demonstrate that when instructors guide to apply scientific observation methods to realistic drawing, the students' ability to depict detailed features improves. Therefore, the observation method that combines morphological bionics with morphological imitation painting has achieved preliminary results. In the future, we will conduct in-depth analysis towards the continuity and stability of morphological bionics observation power.