台灣營養午餐之起源與形成過程之分析（1951-1972）

Analysis of the Origin and Formation Process of School Meals in Taiwan (1951-1972)

本文欲以1951年聯合國國際兒童緊急救援基金會捐助脫脂牛奶為始，1972年終止聯合國國際組織之援助，自行辦理營養午餐計畫為終，回溯台灣營養午餐之起源與供應初期，營養午餐的轉變與影響。本研究主要發現有四：第一，在歐洲的營養午餐係因應社會福利與援助的概念為前提之下，1951年聯合國捐贈奶粉至台灣推定為營養午餐的開端。承續脫脂奶粉的捐贈，1960年代的「午膳湯」計畫援助的單位與食材的來源較脫脂奶粉時期多元，同時培養學生營養與農業的概念。第二，1961-1964年營養午餐在尋求並期待美方援助的同時，已從1950年代營養教育的宣導推廣，轉為積極主動籌劃實施營養午餐計畫。第三，1964-1968年美國正式援助台灣物資，教育廳眼見國民義務教育即將實施，且營養午餐能夠有效提升就學率，因此向聯合國世界糧食方案提出五年計畫，然而因台灣退出聯合國，故於1972年提前結束。第四，如黃豆、小麥等等美援物資進入台灣時，營養午餐做為消耗食物的管道之一，在麵食推廣運動中，就實際供應層面而言，政府與美方共同扶植企業創立麵食公司，學校直設麵食中心規模化生產麵食，三方共同形成營養午餐的主食及菜色，使台灣人在飲食習慣上由米食專一變為米麵共食。

The paper traces the history and evolution of the school meal program in Taiwan, starting from the donation of skim milk by the United Nations Children’s Fund in 1951, to the termination of international assistance from the United Nations in 1972, and the subsequent independent management of the program. It explores the origins and initial supply of the school meal program, as well as the transitions and the impacts it brought about. The study identifies four main findings: First, it suggests that the initiation of the school meal program in Taiwan can be traced back to the donation of powdered milk by the United Nations in 1951, inspired by the European concept of school meals as part of social welfare and aid. This was followed by the“Lunch Soup”program in the 1960s, which diversified both the sources of aid and ingredients compared to the powdered milk period, while fostering concepts of nutrition and agriculture among students.
Second, between 1961 and 1964, while seeking and anticipating aid from the United States, the school meal program transitioned from merely advocating nutritional education in the 1950s to actively planning and implementing the program.
Third, from 1964 to 1968, with the formal assistance from the United States and the imminent implementation of compulsory education, the Ministry of Education viewed the school meal program as an effective means to improve enrollment rates. Consequently, it proposed a five-year plan to the UN World Food Programme. However, due to Taiwan’s withdrawal from the United Nations, the program ended prematurely in 1972.
Last, with the influx of American aid materials such as soybeans and wheat, the school lunch program became one of the channels for consuming these commodities. To promote wheat-based foods, the government and the United States collaborated to establish noodle companies, and schools set up noodle centers for mass production. This collaboration led to a shift in Taiwanese dietary habits, from being predominantly rice-based to a combination of rice and noodles.