孔恩後期思想轉折與科學理性觀點

Kuhn’s Later Intellectual Change and Notion of Scientific Rationality

《科學革命的結構》第二版後，孔恩部分觀點逐漸變化，有些說法令人困惑。本文有兩個目標：一是解釋孔恩「科學理性應歸於個人」的說法，二是為其後期思想的劇烈轉折提供合理解釋。從科學哲學史的角度，本文梳理孔恩從早期強調「社群為行動主體」的社會學路徑，轉向後期略顯個體主義與先驗哲學的歷程，並說明他如何將後期獨特的科學理性觀應用於個人。本文論證，孔恩後期的科學理性觀可視為一種個體的工具理性，他的思想轉變與堅持科學理性個人化，除了回應科學哲學理性論的挑戰之外，也與一九七○年代興起之科學知識社會學中強綱領的對立有關。

After the second edition of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Kuhn’s views began to shift, leading to some confusion regarding his statements. This article has two main objectives: To clarify Kuhn’s claim that“scientific rationality had to be ascribed to individuals”and to provide a reasonable explanation for the dramatic shift in his thinking later in life. From the perspective of the history of the philosophy of science, I will trace Kuhn’s development from his early sociological focus on“the community as the agent”to his later move towards individualism and a priori philosophy. I will explain how he applied his unique notion of scientific rationality to individuals in his later years, demonstrating that this view aligns with a form of individual instrumental rationality. Kuhn’s intellectual change, and his insistence on the individualization of scientific rationality, was not only a response to rationalist philosophical challenges but also a reaction to the strong programme in the sociology of scientific knowledge, particularly his opposition to its radical relativism in the 1970s.