人鬼分離：山後地區遼金墓蒿里老人圖像功能與禮儀意義

Separating Life and Death: Function and Ritualistic Significance of the Haoli Elderly Imagery in Liao and Jin Tombs in the Shanhou Region

唐宋變革，社會階層產生改變，門閥制度衰弱，地方富強興起，學界亦紛紛對遼宋金社會面的改變提出修正。唐宋後墓葬與藝術是否也因應產生改變？透過探查山後地區墓葬，風水堪輿術數幾乎主導遼金各階層的墓葬規劃，尤其在此區的平民漢人墓頻繁出現的生死禮儀觀。
本文透過考古材料來檢視遼金墓葬蒿里老人圖像所展現的生死觀，並說明其在墓葬空間中的表現功能。論証的過程中，首先梳理地理葬書與敦煌文書中對蒿里老人與金雞玉犬的喪葬儀式功能，亦即儀式中「人鬼分離」的關鍵角色。其次，觀察山後地區遼金墓葬，以壁畫中扶杖的蒿里老人圖為中心，納入圖像兩側的玉女、金雞、玉犬等明器神煞圖像作討論，希望探討明器圖像背後的製作邏輯與空間安排。最後，當考量蒿里老人與金雞玉犬在墓葬中的位置，並重新連結葬書中對兩者的功能設定時，可知兩者屬於分隔陰陽生死的視覺禮儀表現型態。蒿里老人被設置在南壁墓門左右，不僅阻止魂魄出去妨礙生人活動，也阻卻塚訟禍延子孫的危險。

The Tang-Song transition engendered profound transformations in social hierarchies, as the waning feudal system gave rise to burgeoning local powers. Modern scholars actively have sought to revise prevailing notions concerning the societal fabric of the Liao, Song, and Jin dynasties. In light of such scholastic work, a pertinent inquiry arises as to whether tomb burials and artistic expressions experienced corresponding metamorphoses during the Tang-Song transition period. Focusing on tombs from the Shanhou region reveals the pervasive influence of fengshui geomancy in shaping funerary designs across diverse Liao and Jin social strata. Of particular interest is the prevalence of life and death rituals in the burial practices of ordinary Han Chinese individuals in this locale. This research employs archaeological materials to scrutinize the conceptualization of life and death embodied in the haoli elderly imagery discovered in Liao and Jin tombs, illuminating their expressive efficacy within funerary spaces.