威權國家如何回應另類教育：中國大陸另類教育之發展、治理與挑戰

How an Authoritarian State Responds to Alternative Education: The Developments, Governances, and Challenges of Alternative Education in Mainland China

研究目的
本研究旨在探討威權國家中，具有挑戰由國家主導之體制內教育體系運作的另類教育模式，如何在威權政府接受程度不高的情況下進行發展呢？研究者以中國大陸為研究對象，運用國家與社會關係（state and society relations）的互動性觀點作為分析架構，探討另類教育在中國大
陸的發展情形及其與威權政府互動所展現的特徵。
研究設計／方法／取徑
受限於當前兩岸關係與政治情勢，本研究主要運用文件分析法（documentary analysis），透過使用多個中英文資料庫和搜尋平臺，蒐集和本文研究問題相關之學術研究文獻、政府政策報告、評論性文章和新聞媒體報導等進行分析。在質性文件分析法的步驟方面，研究者在多次閱讀和分析所蒐集的文件檔案後，再經過閱讀、描述、分類與詮釋等四步驟的寫作過程，進一步地回答本文的研究問題。
研究發現或結論
本文研究發現，中國大陸威權政府在面對不同類型之另類教育時所採取的態度和治理策略有所不同，且不同類型間乃至於同一類型內之不同時段中也存在著差異性與多樣性。中國大陸政府對於「在家教育」和「華德福學校」之另類教育形式最為寬容，所展現出來之國家與社會互動關係較類似於「包容性鑲嵌」；對於具有宗教性質與色彩的「教會學校」和「讀經學校」所採取的態度最為嚴厲，所建構出來的互動關係屬於較為緊張的「壓制性鑲嵌」；而「創新學校」和中國大陸政府之互動關係居於中間位置且較為和諧，所展現之互動特徵則較類似於「包容性鑲嵌」。
研究原創性／價值
本文為目前少數運用國家與社會關係之理論架構來探討中國大陸另類教育發展及威權政府治理特徵的研究成果。對此，本文的研究成果未來或許可進一步拓展成為針對另類教育在不同威權國家發展情形，及與所在地政府互動關係等議題，進行深入比較與探討的基礎。
教育政策建議與應用
本研究除了可提供對於東亞不同國家另類教育發展與治理有興趣之讀者，瞭解在不同國家與社會脈絡下另類教育的發展情形、政府治理與社會互動之特徵外，亦可作為學術界和政府單位研討不同國家進行另類教育政策擬定和治理工具運用時的參考和比較研究依據。

Research Purpose
This study explores how alternative education, which challenges the state-led formal education system, develops in an authoritarian country, where it is not fully accepted by the government. Using mainland China as a case study, the researcher adopts the interactive perspective of state and societal relations as the analytical framework. This study investigates the development of alternative education in mainland China and examines the characteristics of authoritarian governments’responses and governance strategies for managing alternative education.
Research Design/Method/Approach
This study adopted the documentary analysis method. The researcher utilized multiple Chinese and English databases and search platforms, using keywords, such as“mainland China”and“alternative education,”to collect relevant academic research literature, government policy reports, and media discussions for the analysis. Regarding the qualitative documentary analysis, the researcher followed a four-step process: reading, describing, categorizing, and interpreting the collected data. This process was repeated multiple times to address the research questions and to compile the research findings.
Research Findings or Conclusions
The findings of this study indicate that the authoritarian government in mainland China adopts different attitudes and governance strategies toward various types of alternative education. The Chinese government is most tolerant toward“homeschooling”and“Waldorf school,”exhibiting a state-society interaction that resembles“inclusive embeddedness.”In contrast, the government adopts the harshest stance toward religiously affiliated“church schools”and“Classics Reading school,”resulting in a more tense“repressive embeddedness”in their interactions. The relationship between“innovative school”and the Chinese government falls in the middle, with a relatively harmonious interaction that also resembles“inclusive embeddedness.”
Research Originality/Value
This study is one of the few to employ the theoretical framework of state-society relations to explore the development of alternative education in mainland China and the governance types used by authoritarian governments. From an original perspective, the findings of this study can help fill the gap in current research on alternative education in mainland China. Furthermore, from a research value standpoint, this study is among the few to examine the development of alternative education in authoritarian countries and the characteristics of the interactions between different types of alternative education and authoritarian governments.
Educational Policy Recommendations and Applications
This study not only provides readers with an interest in the development and governance of alternative education in East Asian regions but also in mainland China. However, it also serves as a reference for academia and government agencies, because it can be used for comparative research and as a basis for discussing and formulating alternative education policies for governments.