著作公共化研究——以數位典藏照片釋出為例

Making Works Public: Release of Digitally Archived Photos

公共財早已不受任何保護，理應免費公開供各界自由使用；惟從國內外典藏機構實踐中發現，許多性質為公共財之作品及其複製品，仍被當作有償授權之標的，如此將使公共財難以真正公共化。本文從此一問題意識出發，探索如何讓公共財作品真正回歸公共領域，以發揮其公共性，並嘗試以公共財之數位典藏照片為例，探究美國與歐洲如何透過一系列法律與政策上的措施，推動著作公共化，期能為我國帶來若干啟示。
為回應國際典藏機構紛紛釋出數位化成果之趨勢，國立故宮博物院率先自2016年將不受保護文物之照片進行免費釋出，至今已有可觀累積。未來我國典藏機構如何借鏡美國與歐洲經驗深化著作公共化，本文提出4點建議：（一）原始典藏品為公共財者，其數位化成果亦應屬公共財；（二）就公共財典藏品之照片，可依《規費法》收取使用規費；（三）成立數位內容統籌性組織；（四）將著作公共化意旨納入著作權法。
盼我國公立典藏機構以公益為念，參考國際趨勢發展，在典藏品照片之保護與釋出之間取得更妥適平衡。

Set against the backdrop of awareness that some public goods are not actually public, the aim of this study is to explore how to truly bring public goods into the public domain. The author applies an example of public photos in a digital archive and investigates how the United States and Europe have put into practice the concept of ''making works public'' by adopting a series of legal and policy measures to provide a reference for institutional repositories in Taiwan.
To respond to the global trend of digitalization, the National Palace Museum took the lead in Taiwan to release photos of unprotected cultural relics in 2016. Looking to the future, how can Taiwan refer to the experiences of the United States and Europe to better its efforts to make public goods public? Four suggestions are put forth: (1) Works in the public domain should remain in the public domain once digitalized. (2) Standardized usage fees should be charged for photos considered public goods pursuant to the Charges and Fees Act. (3) A digital content coordination organization should be established. (4) To incorporate the spirit of making works public into the copyright law.
Based on the results of this study, it is hoped that public institutional repositories in Taiwan will further embrace the values of public welfare, refer to the trends of international society, and strike a more appropriate balance between protection and release of public goods.