跨國／時做媽媽：印尼家庭看護移工的母職實作、協商策略和心理矛盾

Doing transnational motherhood trans-border and trans-temporally: Indonesian migrant live-in care workers' practices of their mothering, negotiation strategies, and ambivalences

藉由描繪印尼家庭看護移工活出來的生命經驗（lived experiences），本研究闡述她們的母職實踐鑲嵌於勞動力接受國的遷移體制，受到客工制度、物質條件以及身體不在場的限制，她們必須協商印尼傳統性別文化所定義的「理想母親」，並賦予海外工作母職照顧的意涵。為因應勞動力跨國遷移所造成的物理空間與時間性的重組，這群印尼女性移工藉由匯款、贈送禮物、安排照顧代理人，以及運用資訊與通信技術（以下簡稱為ICTs）等策略，呈現她們如何動員資源進行跨國／時的照顧實作與協作，並透過ICTs媒介，參與孩子的日常生活和維繫關係。她們的經驗顯示了結構條件如何形塑和限制她們做為母親的能動性。跨國母職之所以可能，不單是因為金錢匯款、物質、照顧代理人以及ICTs的進展和普及，更關鍵的是女性移工的參與，以及付出的勞力、心力和情感工作。不過，她們往往得在過程中經驗親密關係的不對稱。本研究不將遠距母職詮釋為「犧牲的愛」，而是關照過程中她們所經歷的系列心理矛盾─愛／物質、永久／暫時、距離／親密、真實／虛擬；並進一步指出，跨國遷移造成空間與時間的重組，以及ICTs為媒介的母職實作，是形塑上述心理矛盾的主因。同時，移工母親的經驗，協助我們反思對立的二分框架難以理解跨國母職的動態與複雜。

This article uses the lived experiences of Indonesian migrant live-in care workers in Taiwan to show how mothering practices are embedded within the host country’s temporary labor migration regime, with constraints tied to a formal guest worker system, material conditions, and physical absences. All of these factors require negotiation with the traditional Indonesian“ideal mother”cultural construct, resulting in maternal care significances in their overseas work. In response to spatial and temporal reorganization associated with transnational labor migration, Indonesian women utilize strategies such as sending remittances, giving gifts, arranging for care proxies, and the specific use of information and communication technologies (ICTs). Combined, these strategies represent resource mobilization for cross-border/temporal care and collaboration, enabling ongoing participation in their children’s everyday lives, and the maintenance of other relationships. Instead of oversimplifying transnational motherhood as“sacrificial love,”this paper discusses complex ambivalences inherent to caregiving: love versus material needs, permanent versus temporary statuses, distance versus intimacy, and actual versus virtual. Spatial and temporal reorganization resulting from transnational labor migration and the mediating effects of ICTs shape these ambivalences. The article refutes binary analytical models for their inadequacy in capturing the dynamic and multifaceted characteristics of transnational mothering.