由美國實務見解論我國假訊息之規制與言論自由之界限

觀察2016年、2020年近兩次中央公職人員選舉，有關選舉假訊息案件量及涉案人數，分別增加近170倍及262倍，足見選舉假訊息案件逐次大幅度暴增。又依據瑞典研究機構V-dem顯示，我國自2013年至2021年，均屬遭外國散布假訊息企圖影響本國政治局勢最頻繁國家之第一名。在我國充斥假訊息，且檢察機關之司法辦案資源有限情況下，本文欲取法美國聯邦最高法院及巡迴上訴法院Garrison v. State of Louisiana、United States v. Alvarez、Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus、State of Missouri et al. v. Joseph R. Biden Jr., et al.等案件，所採取「雙軌理論」、「雙階理論」等保障言論自由之界限與規制散布假訊息之看法，作為我國執法機關辦案之參考；並依據上開美國實務判決理由、我國司法院解釋、憲法法庭判決，以及學者見解，認為涉有假訊息散布之情形，尚不宜先以刑罰手段作為首要制裁手段，進而本文提出「中介業者自律」、「獨立機構他律」、「民眾素養提升」等建議，以期作為暨能保障言論自由，又能規制假訊息散布之策進作為。

Observing the last two central public officials elections in Taiwan in 2016 and 2020, criminal cases and suspects regarding dissemination of electoral disinformation have had sharply increased nearly 170 times and 262 times separately. According to a survey of Swedish research institute V-dem, Taiwan has been listed as the No. 1 country of dissemination of disinformation for interference of political elections from foreign countries during 2013-2021. Flooded with disinformation cases, but limited investigative resources of prosecutors offices in Taiwan, we enforcement officials may learn from the“Two-track”and“Two-level”theory opinions of some U.S supreme court and circuit court cases, such as Garrison v. State of Louisiana, United States v. Alvarez, Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus, and State of Missouri et al. v. Joseph R. Biden Jr., et al. In addition, regardless of the U.S. legal practice, Taiwan constitutional court judgements and domestic doctrinal insights, all held that penal punishment shall not be considered as the first sanction method of dissemination of disinformation; therefore, the author initiatives“self-regulation of social-media platforms”,“heteronomy from independent institutions”, and“raise of public literacy”, so as to protect the freedom of speech as well as to regulate the dissemination of disinformation.