先秦語氣詞「已」演變的再商榷──構式語法視角下的演變詮釋

本文在前人研究的基礎上，從構式語法的角度重新檢視先秦語氣詞「已」的來源及演變過程。公認語氣詞「已」源自動詞，至於是否標註限止語氣，與「而已」關係如何，學者見解未盡一致。「已」的語氣功能既同「矣」亦同「也」的說法，乃至其與「也」、「矣」複合為「也已」、「已矣」、「也已矣」的原因，也都還有深入討論的空間。以往研究大多是基於靜態與動態對立及時間性的有無兩項標準區辨「也」和「矣」，不過「已」搭配靜態與動態的謂語是否就足以證明它兼具「也」和「矣」的功能亦有待商榷。以構式重建語法演變的研究方法近年為學界所採納，本文區別語氣詞「已」、「也」、「矣」功能分工，梳理「已」字語氣構式類型，以提出構式角度的演變詮釋。

Based on previous studies, the present paper reexamines the origin and evolution of the pre-Qin sentence-final particle yi已from the perspective of construction grammar. It is generally accepted that the particle yi已comes from a verb, and as for whether it marks the tone of restricting as well as how it relates to eryi而已, opinions among scholars differ drastically. Moreover, it is accepted that the function of yi已is close to that of both ye也and yi矣, and is compounded with them to form yeyi也已, yiyi已矣, and yeyiyi也已矣; however, the reasons for these evolutions still await further investigation. Most previous studies distinguish the functions of ye也and yi矣on the basis of two criteria: 1) static and dynamic opposition and 2) the presence or absence of time. But whether the collocation of yi已with static and dynamic predicates is enough to prove that it becomes synonymous to both ye也and yi矣is still up for debate. In recent years, scholars have begun to treat constructions as clues of grammatical changes. This paper distinguishes the functional division of yi已, ye也, and yi矣, and proposes a new hypothesis on the yi已question by thoroughly examining which types of the yi已constructions have undergone changes. Since the data has been widely collected from pre-Qin documents, this paper only touches upon some essential cases as key evidence for the new hypothesis.