甲骨卜辭所見的「戈人」研究

傳世文獻上有「戈氏」，一般被學者認為是夏人的後裔。甲骨卜辭中另見有「戈族」，學者多認為即是文獻上的「戈氏」，為夏亡商興之後存在於商王國的夏遺民，由於甲骨卜辭中見有「西邑」的記載，可知晚商時期仍可見有夏人的蹤跡。卜辭中有「彗令以戈人伐方」的辭例，根據學者近年研究指出卜辭中的「彗」是黃族之人，屬於伊尹的後代，伊尹過去曾為夏的叛臣後來歸附於商王朝，戈族有可能因其族屬而歸於黃族管理。而從考古的高家堡遺址來看，戈族發展到晚商時期，成為了一支龐大的勢力，近年辛店遺址又見有戈族墓地的出土，可知戈族又擔任鑄銅的任務，皆明了戈族在殷商時期有著重要的地位。本文的研究目的，在於梳理甲骨卜辭中關於「戈族」的材料，根據本文研究，發現卜辭中被稱為「戈」的人物可能有兩位，分別是王族的「戈」與多子族的「子戈」，而卜辭中還有屬於夏遺民的「戈族」，則與前兩者無涉。本文將嘗試結合蒐集整理傳世文獻、甲骨卜辭、青銅銘文與商代考古等材料，並以甲骨卜辭的內容為研究中心，運用張光直所提出研究商代文明的五條途徑，嘗試建構「戈族」在晚商的活動軌跡，並尋找「戈族」為夏遺民的證據。

“Ge shi”戈氏(lit.“the Ge clan”), namely“Ge ren”戈人(“the Ge people”), found in passed down documents, is generally regarded by scholars as the descendants of the people of the Xia dynasty. Within the oracle bone divination inscriptions of the Shang dynasty, there is a reference to“Ge zu”戈族(lit.“the Ge clan or ethnicity”), which is likewise considered by scholars to be“Ge shi,”descendants of the Xia who existed in the Shang after the fall of the previous Xia dynasty. Since the divination inscriptions contain a reference to“Xiyi”西邑, it can be concluded that traces of the people of the Xia could still be seen in the late Shang period. According to recent studies on a relevant passage from the diviniation inscriptions, clan elder Hui彗was a member of the Huang黃clan, a descendant of Yi Yin伊尹(1649-1548 BCE) who was first an official in rebellion of the Xia and then submitted to the Shang dynasty. It is thus likely that the Ge clan fell under the Huang because of their affiliation in regards to ethnicity. From the archaeological site at Gaojiabao高家堡, it can be seen that the Ge developed into a large force by the late Shang period, and the recent excavation of Ge burial sites at the Xindian辛店site shows that the Ge clan was also responsible for copper casting, indicating their important status in the period of the Shang dynasty at Yin. The purpose of the present paper is to investigate the materials concerning the Ge clan within the oracle bone divination inscriptions in detail. It finds that there may be two figures named“Ge”therein, namely Ge of the Wang王clan and Zi Ge子戈of the Duozi多子clan, both of which are unrelated to collated documents, including passed down documents, oracle bones, bronze inscriptions, and archaeological data on the Shang, with the diviniation inscriptions as the centre of our study, and applies the five approaches to studying the civilization of the Shang dynasty proposed by Kwang-chih Chang (1931-2001) to construct the activities of the Ge clan in the late Shang, as well as searching for further evidence of the Ge as remnants of the Xia dynasty.