以現象學經驗取向探尋佛教心理治療的形式與內涵

以「度一切苦厄」為宗旨的佛教一直以來皆是人們尋求心靈平安的資源之一。不過在當代，心理治療作為解決心理苦痛的專業實踐，講求的是基於心理學理論而獲得的心理病理學與治療策略，卻與佛教思想與修行難以相互交流溝通。其中的原因，除了是宗教與科學的範疇區別外，主要還是在於佛教龐大深邃的教門語言與心理治療學的現代理論語言之間難以轉譯。因此，本文嘗試以實踐經驗的回歸來尋得兩者溝通的可能性，並勾勒出佛教心理治療的路徑。為了這個目的，本文包括了四部分，首先（一）說明佛教與心理治療轉譯的現象學還原策略，以及（二）分析與描述心理治療行動經驗的本質結構，然後（三）以《心經》提示的「觀自在」方法與禪修經驗分析與描述佛教自覺覺他的實踐內涵與經驗結構，最後（四）兩者對比，描繪出佛教心理治療的內涵與樣態。本文結果論述，佛教自覺覺他的「行深照見」方法可以描述為：在迴觀自身中以「觀實有」轉「觀作用」的體驗過程識及此岸彼岸之別，並朝向或進入緣起性空的無我彼岸，而心理治療工作的核心則是在於——留繫於此岸，並參與到受苦經驗的生成作用（作用觀）來重構求助者所經驗的生活實在（實有觀）。本文因此得以提出佛教心理治療的可能形式，並作為與佛教及心理治療學界進一步對話的基礎。

This paper aims to explore the possible communication between Buddhism and psychotherapy in terms of a phenomenological-experiential approach, so as to articulate a form of Buddhist psychotherapy. Four sections are included in this paper: (1) illustrating phenomenological reduction as a strategy for the translation between Buddhist practice and psychotherapy; (2) describing the essential structure of therapeutic action and experience: (3) describing Buddhist enlightenment to oneself and others through the analysis of the ways of seeing in the Heart Sutra and Chan meditation; and (4) comparing what is obtained from (2) and (3), and articulating the form and meaning of a Buddhist psychotherapy. This paper concludes that the Buddhist way of enlightenment can be described as follows: in“reflexive seeing”, one turns one’s sight from the constituted to the constituting through transforming experiences and, as a result, differentiates between the mundane and the transcendent modes of being so as to strive for the transcendent living of non-self. Psychotherapy also has the insight into the constituting through the constituted, but stays in the realm of the mundane for the purpose of life improvement. The paper thus derives a possible form of Buddhist psychotherapy and proposes a platform for communication between Buddhism and psychotherapy.