從滿文媒介看清朝資訊在江戶日本之流通

十七世紀滿洲人的崛起以及清朝入主中國，深刻影響東亞地緣政治與國際關係的發展。在此歷史背景下，清朝相關資訊開始發生國際傳播，並吸引日本德川幕府與江戶知識人的關注。值得注意的是，清朝資訊在江戶日本流通的過程中，滿洲語文曾作為傳播媒介發揮關鍵作用。幕府曾經由粗通滿語之日本漂流民，得知1644年滿洲入主中國前後的情況，後續促成日本對清代中國資訊的求索。享保年間（1716-1736）幕府解讀清朝情報與破譯滿文文字的嘗試，形塑當時日本對中國之外交政策。十七世紀後期以降，來自清朝的滿文文書經由長崎以及山丹貿易傳入日本，促成德川幕府通過解讀滿文進一步認識清代中國，進而為江戶知識人以漢學以及蘭學方法從事滿洲語學研究奠定基礎。藉由探討以上議題，本文聚焦清朝相關資訊在江戶日本流通過程中，滿文資訊來源所發揮之作用。從揭櫫清帝國內亞性的滿洲史料切入，本文探討清朝相關資訊如何陸續通過以釜山、長崎乃至庫頁島等地的海外貿易網絡與日本產生交流，進而對形塑近世東北亞乃至世界史格局，所發揮之重大影響。

In the seventeenth century, the rise of the Manchus and the Qing conquest of China had a profound impact on the geopolitical landscape and international relations of East Asia. In this historical context, information about the Qing dynasty started to be disseminated internationally, attracting the attention of the Tokugawa Shogunate and Japanese intellectuals. In Edo Japan, the Manchu language played a significant role in the circulation of information about the Qing. Via Japanese castaways who possessed basic Manchu knowledge, the Shogunate was able to collect intelligence about China before and after the Manchu conquest of 1644. The intelligence provided by the castaways initiated Japan’s quest for information about Qing China. During the Kyōhōera (1716-1736), the Shogunate’s attempts to access information about the Qing and decipher the Manchu script shaped Japan’s foreign policy toward China. After the late seventeenth century, Manchu documents from the Qing were imported to Japan via the Nagasaki and Santan trading networks. The circulation of Manchu sources helped the Tokugawa Shogunate deepen its understanding of Qing China and prompted Edo Japanese intellectuals to study Manchu through kangaku (Chinese learning) and rangaku (Dutch learning) methods. Probing into the above issues, this article examines the circulation of Qing-related information in Edo Japan. Focusing on Manchu sources that embody the Inner Asian dimension of the Qing empire, this work sheds light on the information transmission between Qing China and Edo Japan through overseas trade networks centered in Busan, Nagasaki and the Sakhalin Island. In doing so, the article discusses the significant influences of information exchange in Manchu in the making of early modern Northeast Asian and world history.