以集群分析探討邁向成人期之自我認同與心理適應之關聯

Cluster Analysis of the Relationship Between Self-identity and Mental Health in Emerging Adulthood

青春期過渡到成年期的時間延長，Arnett（2000）稱此階段為「邁向成人期」（emerging adulthood）。自我認同探索仍為此階段重要特徵之一，尤其是在生涯規劃及親密關係兩大領域。過往對於自我認同與心理適應的研究大都採取「變項中心取向」（variable-centered approach）派典，然而Asendorpf（2015）認為變項中心取向易忽略個體之獨特性；反之，「個體中心取向」（person-centered approach）不僅較符合生態效度，同時亦較能展現個體本身心理特質與行為特徵。據此，本研究主張在考量邁向成人期認同型態與心理適應時，不僅需納入個人與關係兩大認同內容，同時最好能以「個體中心取向」的集群分析法區分不同之自我認同型態。本研究採問卷調查法，共蒐集777名有效樣本，經集群分析法區分出七種自我認同型態，包括「高度達成」、「中度達成」、「低度達成」、「個人疏離」、「關係疏離」、「低度疏離」與「高度疏離」，這七種認同型態在心理適應指標上呈現不同程度的差異情形。高度達成、中度達成及低度達成心理適應功能較佳，個人疏離屬四疏離集群（亦即，個人疏離、關係疏離、低度疏離及高度疏離）中較為適應的集群，而低度疏離及高度疏離極易出現心理適應之問題，關係疏離則最易出現衝動控制的問題。

In the past 50 years, the transition from adolescence to adulthood has become longer (Arnett, 2000). This transition period is known as emerging adulthood and is characterized by self-identity exploration, particularly in the areas of career planning and romantic relationships. Self-identity is closely linked to quality of life and mental health. Studies on self-identity exploration during emerging adulthood have typically used a variable-centered approach; however, researchers have expressed doubts about this approach. Asendorpf (2015) argued that the variable-centered approach overlooks individual uniqueness and suggested using a person-centered approach for more accurate results regarding behavioral and psychological features. Therefore, this study proposed examining self-identity and psychological adaptation in emerging adulthood by considering both personal identity and relational identity using the person-centered approach (i.e., cluster analysis). An online questionnaire was used with measures including the QIF-III, QII-III, SWLS, RES, SCL-90R, Risk-Taking Behavior Inventory, and Social Alienation Inventory. A total of 777 completed questionnaires were analyzed. Cluster analysis revealed seven types of identity: high achievement, moderate achievement, low achievement, personal alienation, relational alienation, low alienation, and high alienation. These clusters showed varying degrees of psychological adaptation. The high achievement, moderate achievement, and low achievement identity clusters were associated with superior mental adjustment. Personal alienation was a more adaptive identity cluster than were other forms of alienation (i.e., relational alienation, low alienation, and high alienation). The low alienation and high alienation clusters were associated with poor psychological adjustment. The relational alienation cluster was associated with the most impulse control problems.