「如是我聞」か「如是我聞一時」か──六朝隋唐の「如是我聞」解釋史への新視角

“Thus Have I Heard” or “Thus Have I Heard at One Time”?: New Perspectives on the Exegetical History of “Thus Have I Heard” in the Six Dynasties, Sui and Tang Periods

The set passage “如是我聞一時佛在 . . .” occurring at the opening of Buddhist sūtras has traditionally been understood in Chinese Buddhism as, “Thus have I heard. One time, when the Buddha was staying at . . .” In this interpretation, “one time” is associated with the phrase following it, rather than with the four-character phrase, “thus have I heard.” In recent years, there has been an increasingly dominant trend in Indian Buddhist studies to interpret the expression “one time” as being associated with both the phrase preceding it and the phrase following it. In this interpretation, it is understood as “Thus have I heard at one time when the World-honored One was staying at . . .” These discussions of Indian Buddhism implicitly assume that there has never been a similar theory in China. In the current study, it is shown that the interpretation of “thus have I heard,” as a phrase independent of “one time,” does indeed exist in the Six Dynasties period (222– 589), but it is of great interest to note that during the same period, the interpretation “thus have I heard at one time” was becoming increasingly common and influential. Instances of the former are found in works by Sengyou and in the views of Kumārajīva as his own. Instances of the latter are seen in the Da zhidu lun 大智度論 translated by Kumārajīva and in texts relating to the Nirvāṇa sūtra exegetics of the Southern dynasties as found in the Daban niepan jing jijie 大般 涅槃經集解 composed in the Liang (502–557). Particularly, there is a high probability that the interpretation of “thus have I heard at one time” as a single phrase was widespread in Jiankang (present day Nanjing) from the first half of the fifth century to the first half of the sixth century.
When “one time” is associated with “I heard,” it is explained as referring to “the time when the sūtra was heard.” On the other hand, when “one time” is associated with “the Buddha resided at,” it is explained as referring to “the time when the sutra was spoken.” In several important Tang dynasty commentaries, “one time” is understood to refer to the time in which the sūtra was both spoken by the Buddha and heard by his disciples such as Ānanda. This interpretation, in which “one time” is taken to modify both the time of hearing and the time of speaking, shares basic commonalities with ideas found in eighth century Indian commentarial literature.