社會投資福利國家的「五個世界」：基於OECD社會支出變數的群聚分析（1990-2019）

Five Worlds of Social Investment Welfare State: Cluster Analysis Based on OECD Social Expenditure Variables (1990-2019)

Since the 1990s, social investment has become an emerging paradigm for guiding economic and social reform in welfare states. In order to capture the similarities and differences of social investment turn in different welfare states, this paper constructs a panel data covering 19 sample welfare states from 1990 to 2019 based on the OECD Social Expenditure Database. From the perspective of the welfare regime, we use the standardized compensation-investment policy expenditure variables and the output variables of the social investment paradigm to conduct a hierarchical cluster analysis. We found that the proportion of compensation policy expenditure in welfare states is more than twice that of investment policy; and that the selected sample of welfare states stably clustered into the‘five worlds’. However, the five clusters are almost the same as the categorization of welfare regimes, and there is discrepancy amone the East Asian and conservatism welfare states, indicating that the existing welfare regimes have not yet been shifted by social investment paradigm.