圓測對「一闡提」的詮釋模型──來自於「如來神力說」之張力

Woncheuk’s Interpretation Method for the Concept of“Icchantika”: The Tension From“The Thesis of Supranormal Powers of the Tathāgata”

東亞佛教在救濟論的議題上，「闡提亦得成佛」，即「皆成說」，屬於非常強勢的觀點。在過去一世紀以來，學界亦普遍將圓測的唯識思想歸屬於此型態。根據《解深密經疏》，支持「皆成說」之存有論之基石是：「佛性」與「如來神力」。此基石的核心文獻分別來自於《涅槃經》與《楞伽經》。筆者將前者稱之為「闡提佛性說」；後者稱之為「如來神力說」，此二模型如同「皆成說」的鳥之雙翼。過去數十年來，學者們開始反省將「圓測唯識思想」歸屬於「皆成說」之型態，他們針對「闡提佛性說」進行了挑戰；反觀「如來神力說」，目前尚未有學者針對此議題進行分疏。筆者此文進路是：考察在「如來神力說」之張力下，「圓測對於『一闡提』的詮釋模型」；目的是：「解釋『如來神力』與『無姓有情』，二者在存有論上之關係」；結論是：在佛教救濟論上，圓測已受到玄奘唯識一系的影響，將涅槃因從「如來神力」移轉至「本有無漏種」；「闡提」、「無性」等概念，在東亞佛教的發展過程中形成多層次的內涵。

East Asian Buddhism has a predominant view on the topic of soteriology, that is,“all sentient beings, including icchantikas, can achieve Buddhahood,”or“jiecheng shuo.”Over the past century, Woncheuk’s philosophy of Yogâcāra has also been commonly classified under this type of viewpoint by scholars. According to Jieshenmi Jing Shu, the cornerstones supporting the ontology of jiecheng shuo are: Buddha-nature and the supranormal powers of the tathāgata. The cornerstones are derived from two core documents: Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra and Laṅkāvatāra‐sūtra. In this study, the former is termed“the thesis of icchantika being endowed with Buddha-nature”and the latter“the thesis of supranormal powers of the tathāgata.”These two models are comparable to the wings of jiecheng shuo. During the past few decades, scholars have begun to reflect on the classification of Woncheuk’s Yogâcāra philosophy under jiecheng shuo. Some studies have challenged“the thesis of icchantika being endowed with Buddha-nature.”On the contrary, no research to date has expounded views on“the thesis of supranormal powers of the tathāgata”in this regard. In this study, the following approach was adopted: Woncheuk’s interpretation model for icchantika was investigated under the tension of“the thesis of supranormal powers of the tathāgata.”The purpose of this study is to explicate the ontological relationship between“supranormal powers of the tathagata”and“agotra-sattva (sentient beings without Buddha-gotra).”The conclusion is: In respect of Buddhist soteriology, Woncheuk, under the influence of Xuanzang’s translations, transferred causes of nirvāṇa from“supranormal powers of the tathāgata”to“originally present untainted seeds.”The concepts of icchantika and wu‐xing (sentient beings without Buddha-nature) among others have been evolved to have multi-level connotations over the course of East Asian Buddhism development.