言語行為理論是否有助於說明言論自由的保障範圍？對蕭爾──葛林沃特路徑的反思

Does Speech Act Theory Contribute to Explaining the Coverage of Freedom of Speech? A Reflection on the Schauer-Greenawalt Approach

受到言語行為理論的啟發，蕭爾和葛林沃特在共同的方法基礎上，主張某些語言使用雖具溝通性但不受言論自由保障，因為它們是「做言」或「改變情境的表達」。本文將這個觀點稱為「蕭爾－葛林沃特路徑」，並從學說及實務見解，說明這個路徑的影響及問題，再從這個路徑的發展來分析問題的成因。本文主張，如果將言論自由理解為對抗特定管制而非保障特定行為的權利──一種同樣受言語行為理論啟發的觀點，蕭爾－葛林沃特路徑所要解決和所造成的問題都能迎刃而解。

Inspired by speech act theory, K. Greenawalt and F. Schauer advocate for a common methodological basis that recognizes certain uses of language, although communicative, are not covered by freedom of speech because they are“performatives”or“situation-altering utterances.”This research labels this viewpoint as the Schauer-Greenawalt approach and elucidates its impact and challenges from both theoretical and practical perspectives. It then analyzes what causes these issues through the development of the approach. This research argues that if freedom of speech is understood as right against rules, rather than right protecting actions—a viewpoint also inspired by speech act theory—the problems addressed and created by the Schauer-Greenawalt approach can be effectively resolved.