阿奎利亞法過失侵權責任的歷史發展與經濟分析：以彭波尼D. 9, 2, 39「驅趕案」為中心

Historical Development and Economic Analysis of the Aquilian Fault Liability: An Exegesis of Pomponius D. 9, 2, 39 (“Driving Off a Pregnant Mare”)

本文從二世紀羅馬法學家彭波尼的「驅趕母馬案」出發，探討阿奎利亞法過失侵權責任的形成與發展。過失一詞最初並未出現於阿奎利亞法。然而，為處理間接侵害案件，羅馬的裁判官與法學家在程式訴訟制度下，以創設個案事實訴權的方式類推適用阿奎利亞法。在此過程中，「過失」要素逐漸從「不法」分化出來，被用以篩選出可歸責於加害人的行為，作為損害賠償責任成立的基礎。公元前一世紀的穆齊提出「謹慎注意者會採取之防範措施」作為過失的判斷標準。當代法律經濟分析文獻中關於漢德公式的討論，有助於理解該標準在羅馬法個案中的運用。

With an exegesis on“driving off a pregnant mare,”a case handed down by Pomponius (2nd century CE), this article explicates the formation and development of fault liability in Roman Aquilian law. Originally, the term culpa (fault) was not mentioned in lex Aquilia. However, in order to deal with cases of indirect damages, Roman praetors and jurists applied lex Aquilia analogically through granting actio in factum (rights to action ad hoc) under the Roman pleading system. As a result, the element of fault gradually emerged and was differentiated from iniuria (wrongfulness), being used to filter out wrongful acts which could be attributed to the tortfeasor and thereby serving as the foundation of liability for damages. Quintus Mucius (1st century BCE) established the criterium of“precautions which would have been taken by a diligent person”for identifying negligence in individual cases. Discussions of the Learned Hand formula in contemporary“law and economics”may be useful for understanding the application of this standard in Roman law cases.