德國之監護處分（德國刑法第63條）判處、執行、實施、後續照料

Die Unterbringung in einem psychiatrischen Krankenhaus in Deutschland (§63 StG B) Anordnung, Vollzug, Vollstreckung, Nachsorge

本文從刑法、犯罪學與執行規範的面向介紹德國與巴登－符騰堡邦之監護處分。德國的監護處分規定在刑法第63條，並且對於發動前提設下很高的門檻。依據刑事訴訟法第246a條第1項，監護處分必須在訊問鑑定人之後才能判處。如果有暫時安置的需要，則依刑事訴訟法第126a條第1項規定進行。
在德國，各邦對於監護處分之執行具有管轄權。在巴登－符騰堡邦規定在精神疾病救助與保護措施法第32條至第54條。
監護處分的目的在於使行為人不再具有危險性與能夠重返社會。德國採取所謂的替代制度，如果監護處分具有成效，原則上就不再執行刑罰，刑法第67條規定了保安處分與自由刑的執行順序。由於法院在判命監護處分時仍無法確定實現目標所需時間，因此法律沒有規定監護處分的最長期限。
惟監護處分的執行時間必須符合比例原則，監護處分是否繼續係取決於被收容人的危險性，一旦這種危險性不再存在或是降低至可容忍的程度時，法院可暫停監護處分之繼續執行並交付保護管束或宣告終止監護處分之執行，接著則是進行行為監督（刑法第67d條第2項）。為了決定是否還要繼續執行監護處分，在安置期間，執行法院每年都要聽取病人的狀況。針對被收容人是否具有危險性之判斷，法院必須在聽取鑑定人的建議下，做出犯罪預測。在此要注意的是，會出現多少的預測錯誤，包括假陰性與假陽性之情形。最後，本文主張，無論如何都應該避免被收容人在執行監護處分的封閉機構內死亡。

This article introduces the disposition of custody in Germany and the state of Baden-Württemberg from the perspectives of criminal law, criminology, and enforcement regulations. The provisions for disposition of custody in Germany are outlined in Article 63 of the Criminal Code, with a high threshold set for initiating such dispositions. According to Article 246a (1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, a custody disposition can only be imposed after the examination of an expert witness. Temporary placement, if needed, is regulated by Article 126a (1) of the Criminal Procedure Code.
In Germany, each federal state has jurisdiction over the execution of custody dispositions. In the state of Baden-Württemberg, regulations are stipulated in Articles 32 to 54 of the Mental Health Aid and Protective Dispositions Act.
The purpose of custody dispositions is to render the offender non-dangerous and capable of reintegrating into society. Germany adopts an alternative system, where if custody dispositions prove effective, punishment may not be executed in principle. Article 67 of the Criminal Code establishes the sequence for the execution of Rehabilitative Measures and custodial sentences. As the courts cannot precisely determine the time required to achieve the goals when imposing custody dispositions, the law does not specify a maximum duration for such dispositions.
However, the execution period of custody dispositions must adhere to the principle of proportionality. The continuation of custody dispositions depends on the dangerousness of the detainee. Once this danger no longer exists or is reduced to a tolerable level, the court may temporarily suspend the execution of custody dispositions, impose probation, or declare the termination of execution, and proceed with behavioral supervision (Article 67d (2) of the Criminal Code). To determine whether to continue the execution of Custody dispositions, the court must annually review the patient's condition during the placement. In assessing the dangerousness of the detainee, the court must make crime predictions based on expert opinions. It is crucial to note that prediction errors, including false negatives and false positives, may occur. Finally, the article asserts that under any circumstances, efforts should be made to prevent the death of detainees within closed facilities during the execution of custody dispositions.