論重大疾病婚前告知義務規則的類推適用——以《民法典》第1053 條之規範意旨為依據

Analogous Application of the Rule of Premarital Notification Duty Concerning Serious Diseases: Based upon the Legislative Purpose of Article 1053 in the Civil Code

《民法典》第1053條有關“重大疾病對婚姻效力的影響”的調控模式；不同于原《婚姻法》第10條的規定。它通過嵌入“不如實告知”的構成要件；使其規範意旨發生了從強力規制到柔性自治的面向自由意志的重大轉變。目前；該規範意旨的轉變對本條適用所產生的影響並未被充分注意到；以至於出現法律漏洞而有損法條目的的圓滿實現。若認為該條僅意欲規範重大疾病之婚前隱瞞情形；則難謂此結果系立法者有意做出的充分考量；因而本條存在無意的法律漏洞。對此漏洞有填補的必要。對該條漏洞的填補路徑；鑒於婚姻家庭法的特殊性；不應直接適用或參照適用有關欺詐型可撤銷法律行為的一般條款(《民法典》第148條)。對於其他可獲得與“未如實告知重大疾病而致影響相對方有關結婚的自由意志”同等法評價的事項；例如；性取向、婚史、孕育史、宗教信仰、犯罪記錄、基因信息等有關婚姻本質、對結婚意思有決定意義的事項；應受第1053條立法目的規整；因此可類推適用之；以求法條目的的圓滿實現並妥當應對現實需求。

The regulation mode of Article 1053 of the Civil Code concerning“the effect of serious diseases on the validity of marriage”is different from Article 10 of the Marriage Law. By embedding the constituent elements of“failure to truthfully inform”, its legislative purpose has undergone a significantly change towards free will, that is, a shift from strong regulation to soft autonomy. At present, the effect of the change in the intent of this norm on the application of this article has not been fully realized, so that a legal loophole appears and the successful realization of the legal plan is impaired. If it is believed that this article is only intended to regulate the concealment of serious diseases prior to marriage registration, it is difficult to say that this result is a deliberate and sufficient consideration by the legislator, so there is an unintentional legal loophole in this article. This loophole is not an illegal policy error and needs to be filled. The way to fill this loophole, in view of the particularity of family law, should not directly apply or apply by reference the general provisions on fraudulent type of legal acts (i. e. Article 148). For other matters that can be evaluated in the same way as“if the serious illness is not truthfully informed, the other party will have a wrong intention to marry”, such as sexual orientation, history of marriage, history of gestation and reproductive, religious beliefs, criminal records, genetic information, etc. These matters concerning the nature of marriage and determining the meaning of marriage should be regulated by the legislative purpose of Article 1053, so this article can be applied by analogy. In this way, the legal plan can be successfully realized and can properly respond to the actual needs.