超人與地母：趙淑俠和嚴歌苓小說的國族形象建構之比較

Superman and Mother Earth: A Comparative Study of the Construction of National Images in the Works of Zhao Shuxia and Yan Geling

二十世紀歐美地區的華文文學，由留學生和移民發展出離散書寫，常涉及中西文化的衝突、身分認同的矛盾等問題。處在兩種文化夾縫之間的海外華人如何看待中國和西方文化、如何調和兩者之矛盾，遂成為作品關切的主題。其中，對於國族形象的重新建構，乃是肯定自我和確立認同的方式之一，此又涉及了文化思想的吸收和運用。本文感興趣的問題即是：在經歷了西方文化對中國文化的衝擊，以及找不到定位的失落感與失根之苦，海外華文作家如何重新建構國族形象來肯定自我的價值？中國文化對國族形象的塑造，產生了什麼作用和影響？而國族形象與特定時代的國族處境之間的關聯為何？這些問題都值得深入研究。 本文以台灣作家趙淑俠和大陸作家嚴歌苓的小說為例，探討兩人如何以中國文化的儒家和道家思想，建構「超人」和「地母」這兩種國族形象的類型，並分析兩者的時代處境與國族形象建構之關係。「超人」形象代表了七○年代台灣面對國際變局時的紮根本土、自立自強的勵志心理，折射出知識份子救國濟世的使命。而「地母」形象則代表了九○年代中國大陸移民深入異國時的質樸包容、柔性突圍的策略，具有庶民生存的智慧。這兩種國族形象從不同的時代處境出發，吸取不同面向的中國文化作為美學寄託，成功化解了文化衝突和認同危機。

In the overseas Chinese literature since the 20th century, diaspora writing by overseas students and immigrants in Europe and America often involves cultural impacts between the east and west and identity identification in positioning. This has shaped the spiritual appearance of exile and wandering of overseas Chinese. How overseas Chinese in the gap of two cultures look at Chinese and western culture and harmonize the contradiction has been one of the major concerns by overseas Chinese. This paper focuses on how overseas Chinese writers, based on self-esteem of nationalism, reestablish national image to identify the value of self-existence after going through impacts of powerful western culture on Chinese culture and strong sense of loss not being able to find positioning? One can see two types of national images—superman and mother earth—in the novels by Taiwanese writer Zhao Shuxia and Chinese author Yan Geling, which happen to be in contrast of toughness and mildness. With the example of these national images, the paper explores the Confucianism and Taoism spirit in Chinese culture and relation of construction of respective era and national images. Superman represents encouragement of foundation in Taiwan for self-reliance in the 1970's under International situations. Mother earth symbolizes tolerance and conciliation strategies of Mainland China in 1990's in foreign lands. Based on the needs in different eras, the two images reconcile cultural conflict and identification crisis.