孫過庭與張懷瓘書法美學思想之對比

A Comparison of Aesthetics of Calligraphy between Guo-Ting Sun and Huai-Kuan Chang

本文旨在探究唐代孫過庭及張懷瓘的書法美學思想,，二人分別是初、盛唐的優秀書法家，同時擅長書法美學理論，由於理論與實踐兼長，故可謂是書、文雙美。尤其是二人的書法美學理論體大思精，影響後代頗為深遠，自歷代迄今向來即深受重視。考察二人的書法淵源有三，一是上繼晉代二王書風，二是總結漢末以迄唐初的書法理論，三是承接魏晉玄學興起後，儒道會通的思想趨向及文學自覺的影響。惟目前大多研究者仍側重在書法技巧的分析，或者止於字面注釋、翻譯的層次，並未能宏觀地從美學思想系統作全盤觀照。因此，本文嘗試從儒道美學思想的角度，作為研究進路。在研究方法上，首先是對二家書論分別作文獻分析，抉發其書論中運用儒道美學思想的特色及理論深度。其次則是分別從儒道思想及美學原理二方面，對比二家書論中運用儒道美學思想的成果及異同所在，析言之，前者是儒道美學思想在書史發展、書家優劣、批評立場、鑑賞標準、書法風格及創作方法上的運用，後者是從美學特質、美學境界、美的分析、美的傳遞、藝術經營、主體修養等不同角度，探求儒道美學思想在書法理論中的呈現。希望從對比中更能突顯二家書論的思想精髓及價值特色，同時也能對當代的書論研究提供新的研究視野。

This essay explored the Aesthetics of Calligraphy of two excellent and famous artists in ancient China. They were Guo-Ting Sun in early Tong Dynasty and Huai-Kuan Chang in middle Tong Dynasty. To trace both of their calligraphical and theoretical origins, the researcher came to three important conclusions. First, they both absorbed the cursive styles of the two great calligraphers in Tsing Dynasty—Wang His-Chih and his son. Second, they both concluded the diverse theories of calligraphy from late Han Dynasty to early Tong Dynasty. Third, they were both influenced by the trends of integrating Confucianism and Taoism, and also the trends of self-consciousness of literature in their time. Most of the researches nowadays focused on the versions, techniques of cursive style, and the translation and annotations of the original text. Rather, researcher of this essay put emphasis on the Aesthetics of Confucianism and Taoism, and their connections to calligraphical thoughts. The researcher used the method of document analysis to Guo-Ting Sun's and Huai-Kuan Chang's works. Firstly, from both their theories of calligraphy to view the Aesthetics of Confucianism and Taoism, it showed the development of calligraphical history, critiques to artists, standpoints of critiques, criteria of critiques, styles and methodologies. And then, from the viewpoint of Confucianism, Taoism and the principles of Aesthetics, it showed how Confucianism, Taoism were embodied in the calligraphical theories, including their esthetical features, aesthetical ideals, aesthetical critiques, aesthetical expressions, and aesthetical subjectivities. The comparison of aesthetics of calligraphy between Guo-Ting Sun and Huai-Kuan Chang showed the meanings and values of these two artists' thoughts and offered a new research vision of this art field in contemporary time.