婦女、宣教護士與戰後臺灣醫療：以嘉義基督教醫院為例

Women, Missionary nurses, and Hospital Medicine: Chiayi Christian Hospital (1950s-1980s)

本文以嘉義基督教醫院及其宣教護士為例，將其置於戰後醫療史脈絡中，納入美國婦女教會網絡與來台宣教婦女（包括護士），分析其中的性別與醫療史意義。本文所使用的主要史料為現存於嘉義基督教醫院院史檔案。戰後的宣教醫療事業是戰後醫院醫療發展的一部分，外科尤為重要。在此脈絡下，婦女具有多層次的關鍵重要性。其一是源自十九世紀美國婦女的海外宣教運動傳統，不僅讓許多婦女踏上海外宣教之路，也讓在美國國內的婦女組織積極支持海外宣教活動，前者如嘉基歷史人物司榮寶、歷年宣教護士，後者如明尼蘇達州路德自由教會的婦女宣教聯盟（WMF）給予海外宣教的支持（包括醫療宣教）。其二是醫療活動中宣教護士的重要性。她們的專業訓練（尤其是開刀房護理訓練）、語言能力（與美國外科醫師溝通）、身為美國人孰悉在冷戰時期大量來自美國捐贈醫療物資，是醫院順利運作的重要人物。

Little research has been done on the importance of missionary nurses in the history of hospital medicine in postwar Taiwan. Utilizing Chiayi Christian Hospital’s archival materials, this article examines the history of Chiayi Christian Hospital and its missionary nurses in post-WWII Taiwan. In the context of post-war medical history, I argue that missionary hospitals were a part of the post-World War II development of hospital medicine, in which American trained missionary nurses were an essential part of the infrastructure, as surgery was much emphasized. Being eager to make the hospital comparable to their American counterparts, medical missionaries and hospital administrators worked to build a hospital that would meet the standards, including equipment, tools, drugs, and trained workers. At the time when there was a lack of trained nurses and those who were trained were not trained enough for the demands of the hospital work, missionary nurses’training (especially nursing training in the operating room), language skills (communication with American surgeons), and, as Americans, they were familiar with resources, including medical supplies donated from the United States during the Cold War.