李奧波《沙郡年紀》土地倫理思想之研究

阿道．李奧波（Aldo Leopold, 1987-1948）畢業於耶魯大學森林系，服務於美國林務署，曾任教威斯康辛大學擔任獵物管理的教授。1949年《砂郡年紀》（A Sand County Almanac, 1949）出版，史德格奈（Wallace Stegner）曾說：「李奧波的《砂郡年紀》被視篤「保育界的聖經」，而李奧波則被視為是一位環境保護的先知」；Curt Maine曾指出〈土地倫理〉是《砂郡年紀》中最精彩的一篇論文，堪綱「『精華』中的精華」。
土地倫理是李奧波有感於日趨嚴重的生態惡化與環境污染，批判二十世紀初期美國進步的經濟功利主義，而重新思索人和土地如何維持和諧之關係。土地倫理改變人類的角色，從土地群落的征服者到一名純粹地土地群落的成員和公民，它暗示人類要尊敬它的同伴成員，如同要尊敬土地群落一樣——李奧波寫下演化—生態的重點。李奧波喚起物種的「生物權利」，以及人類遵守和服從生態系的法則和定律。由於李奧波提出的土地倫理，使環境倫理學產生了整體性（holistic）的「生態中心倫理」的反省思索方向，也因此被譽為「生態保育之父」。
土地倫理的內容包括了六個部分：倫理規範的遞演、群落（土地國）的概念、生態良知、土地倫理的替代品、土地金字塔、土地健康和自然保育的分歧。本文旨在了解李奧波的生平、土地倫理的內容與精義；分析它所提供現代保育倫理的核心價值，瞭解土地倫理的實行與窘境。

Aldo Leopold ( 1987-1948 ) was graduated from the Department of Forestry at Yale. He joined the U.S Forest Service in 1912, and became a professor of the Game Management at the University of Wisconsin since 1933. One of his work, 《A Sand County Almanac》, was published in 1949. Wallace Stegner once said : 「《A Sand County Almanac》 is regarded as『the Bible of the conservation』, and Leopold is credited for a prophet of environmental conservation.」。Curt Maine also commented that 〈The land ethic〉was the most significant essay in the 《A Sand County Almanac》.
〈The land ethic〉 was originated from Aldo Leopold's concern about ecological degradation and environmental pollution. He criticized progressive economic utilitarian in America in early twentieth century. He suggested to rethink how to maintain harmonious relationships between 1nen and land. Land ethic changes the role of human beings from conquerors of the land-community to plain members and citizens of it. It implies that a m an should respect for his fellow-members as well as the community Aldo Leopold wrote down the point of the evolution-ecology. He also awakened that species should continue as a matter of biotic right, as well as obey and follow the rule and law in ecosystem.
Inspired by the land ethic, the concept of a holistic 「ecocentrism」 is added into environmental ethics. Leopold was therefore widely acknowledged as the father of ecological conservation.
The land ethic includes six parts : ethical sequence、community concept、ecological conscience、substitutes for a land ethics、land pyramid、land health and A -B cleavage . The purpose of this essay was to uncover Aldo Leopold's life, define the content and essence of the land ethics, analyze the value of the land ethics to modern conservation ethics, and discover the practices and dilemmas of the land ethics.