科技定位技術偵查之立法研究

隨著科技發展及犯罪型態的改變，偵查人員仰賴各種新型態科技定位技術追蹤調查，在此背景下，引發使用科技定位技術偵查，造成干預隱私權等基本權之疑慮。找人，是犯罪偵查初始，也是刑事案件的基礎。使用科技定位技術偵查不僅是經濟成本考量，更重要的是面臨各種新型態犯罪，是與犯罪者相抗衡的唯一解決之道，在立法上是必須且迫切要面對的課題。
本文臚列我國實務使用之科技定位技術偵查工具，以介紹該項技術之原理、功能及偵查上運用做為開端，進一步討論使用科技定位技術偵查可能干預之基本權，並試圖在我國法尋找可能法源。在科技定位技術偵查探討，其一，是使用該技術涉及的基本權干預，包含獲取資訊的質與量不同，討論何界定合理期待隱私界線，及使用時間長短所造成之圖像效果。其二，是在強制處分令狀原則下，使用該項技術之發動門檻及層級化授權，及實施該項技術的要件、程序及相關法律規範。
在我國，科技定位技術偵查尚無明確之法律授權基礎，109年9月8日科技偵查法草案推出後，雖受到重視引發關注討論，惟目前仍在研議。本文以觀察美國法及德國法之文獻作為立法借鏡，於文末提出立法建議，以期能對我國科技定位技術偵查法律規範盡一份心力。在科技發展與保障人權的權衡，立法才能有效保障人權，期盼科技偵查法草案的推出是及時雨而不是曇花一現，能使執法人員執法有據，落實人權保障。

Scientific methods to criminal investigation are inextricably linked to technology development and crime patterns. The lack of awareness raises concerns about the interference of fundamental rights, such as privacy rights, under the use of scientific and technological investigations. We use scientific and technological investigations not only for economic considerations, but also it’s the only solution to fend off criminals. It becomes a vital issue in legislation. We eager to find the source of the law, and then comparing the content of the draft law of science and technology investigation of the Ministry of Justice with the German and American documents and current norms, and put forward legislative suggestions.
In the exploration of scientific and technological positioning and investigation, first of all, the fundamental rights intervention involved in the use of technology, including the difference in time, quality and quantity. With the evolution of human rights protection, how to define reasonable expectations of privacy and the image effect caused by the length of time becomes vital. Furthermore, under the principle of criminal pleadings, the threshold and hierarchical authorization for using the technology, as well as the requirements, procedures and relevant legal norms for the implementation of the technology.
This essay argues that only legislation can effectively protect human rights, and looking forward to the introduction of the draft science and technology investigation law to enable law enforcement officers to enforce the law and protect human rights.