永恆主義(Perennialism)的教育目的論及對我國大學教育的啟示

本文以文獻調查(Literature Survey)方法，分析歸納永恆主義主要代表人物赫欽斯(Robert M. Hutchins)、馬利坦(Jacques Maritain)以及阿德勒(Mortimer Adler)等人的哲學觀點以及對教育目的的看法，並據以分析我國的大學教育目的。 本文的研究目的有三： (1)分析永恆主義代表人物的思想，以了解並歸納其基本觀點。 (2)探討與歸納永恆主義對教育目的之論點。 (3)以永恆主義的育目的論，分析我國大學教育，並提出建議。 永恆主義的育目的如下： (1)教育的一般過程目的：由於人類本質具有理性、普遍性、不變性與恆常性，以及有一規範的宇宙與外在永恆的真理，因此教育目的強調人人應接受教育，以這一期同目標；以「人」為教育目的。 (2)公民的教育目的：培養良好公民品質，使其成為「法治共和國」之公民。 (3)通識的教育目的：藉助人類在偉大著作中獲得的心靈交流以達各種社會活動所具備之心智成長，和理解、思考判斷等方面的進步，以作為各類教育的基礎。 (4)終生教育的目的 根據以上的分析，研究者認為永恆主義的教育目的對我國大學教育有以下幾方面啟示： (1)大學應重視學生理性、心智能力、人格與潛能發展的遠大教育目的。 (2)大學應完成通識教育目的，以作為大學專業教育基礎，並促進文化傳遞與創新。 (3)大學應重視學校與教師共同達成教育目的。 (4)永恆主義的教育目的論可應用於師資培育。

Through literature survey this article attempts to analyze the basic viewpoints of Perennialism and its impact on the educational goals of universities. That is， the purposes of this article is 1) to invertigate primary theories of aPerennialism by analizing and summarizing the philosophical thoughts of its most important representativer; 2) to explore the thoughts about goals for education in the educational philosophy of Peremialism and summarize it; 3) to describe and criticize the educational goals of our universities from the research results both 1) and 2)， and to give some suggestios. Robert M.Hutchins (1899-1977). Jacques Maritain (1822-1973) and Mortimer J.Adler (1902- ) are the most famous Perennialists. Although some differences are found among their thoughts; there are however several major sharing philosophical viewpoints， It summarized as “Reality as a thing” “world has a universal， absolutely， unchangeable and perennial human nature and knowledge” “reason is certain quality of human nature” etc. After detailed research to their philosophical thoughts about educational goals， author conduct and summarize its essential viewpoints as follows: 1)the general proximate purposes of education: we must concentrate on the purposes that education provided for everyone to attain a common goals， and that 「humanity」should be as a core of education because a reasonable， universal， constant， and perennial human nature， as will as a normal universe， and external，absolute perennial truth exists. 2)the purposes of citizen: to make person have good qualities in which「The republic of Law and Justice」needed. 3)the purposes of liberal education: the use of liberal curriculum is on the development of intellect， understanding， thinking， humanity， community and potential ability that right social action must be acquired by reading「Great Books」to made a「Great Conversation」; and to be served as the basis of other variety of education. 4. the purposes of career education. In conclusion， it is suggested that the emphasis should be made with the development of reason ，intellect， personality and potential ability on the fulfillment of the purposes of liberal education and curriculum in the universities should emphasize for the prospective teachers; and that teachers must help students to attain the purposes of the university.