懺悔、和解與驅遣：道教瘟疫信仰與儀式實踐

Repentance, Reconciliation, and Exorcism: Daoist Plague Beliefs and Ritual Practices

面對自然災害的發生，道教自有一套解釋與處置的體系。這樣的體系或是通過經典表述，更多是以儀式實踐表達。這類的儀式實踐並不單純以道教形式呈現，而是混雜在多種宗教文化傳統之中，形成繁複多樣的儀式總匯。本文旨在結合經典教義與儀式實踐的解讀，指出中古乃至近代道教所理解的瘟疫信仰與儀式實踐，及其可能的發展軌跡。中古道教繼承以有害鬼神理解疫病的古老傳統，將其納入自身的神學體系之中，成為重要環節。其中攝伏這類瘟神疫鬼的權威力量或有發展，但通過齋儀懺悔、醮儀和解及以法術驅遣的基本結構卻沒有太大的變化。本文即在前人累積的豐富成果之上，繼續考慮道教在面對這類自然災害時，究竟提出什麼樣的解釋體系以及相應的儀式實踐，以及這套解釋與實踐體系又是如何形成一套基本框架，得以容納後來新興的地方驅邪法術傳統，最終呈現出當今所見的多元樣貌。

In the face of natural disasters, Daoism has its own system of interpretation and response. This system is often expressed not only through classical texts but also predominantly through ritual practices. These types of ritual practices are not presented solely in the form of Daoism; instead, they are intermixed within various religious and cultural traditions, forming a complex and diverse synthesis of rituals. This article aims to integrate the interpretation of classical doctrines with ritual practices, highlighting the understanding of plague beliefs and ritual practices in Daoism during the medieval and even modern periods. It also explores the potential process of their development. Medieval Daoism inherited the ancient tradition of interpreting diseases through malevolent spirits and deities, incorporating it into its own theological system as a crucial element. While the authoritative power to subdue these plague spirits may have evolved, the fundamental structure involving repentance through fasting rituals, reconciliation offering, and exorcism through spells has not undergone significant changes. Building upon the rich contributions of previous scholars, this article continues to explore what explanatory system Daoism presents and the corresponding ritual practices when facing such natural disasters. Additionally, it examines how this system of explanation and practice forms a basic framework, accommodating admitting local traditions of exorcism spells and ultimately manifesting the diverse landscape observed today.