論三國故事對街亭之戰情節之改編及馬謖人物轉變之意義

On the adaptation of the story of the Three Kingdoms to the Battle of Jieting & The significance of Ma Su's character change

街亭之戰，是諸葛亮第一次北伐失敗的關鍵戰役，而其中的重要人物，便是領兵鎮守於街亭的參軍馬謖；雖然此段情節於後世的三國故事中多有改編，人物形象亦有不同的塑造，但已經讓馬謖的人物形象，幾乎只剩下了「失街亭」。
在《三國志》的記錄中，馬謖確實在戰爭當下，有違反諸葛亮命令的情況，進而導致蜀軍的敗戰；然而，回到歷史中，對馬謖進行仔細的探討，不難發現在後世改編故事中，戰敗的因素與情節，無論是否依循著歷史脈絡發展，在許多的細節上，都將過錯怪罪於馬謖，而幾乎未曾深刻地檢討過諸葛亮的用人決斷與其背後動機。
此類有差異的細節，若拿來與史料比對，可以發現創作者不是只順著三國史料記載來發展情節，更是有意識地淡化了諸葛亮於街亭之戰裡，任用馬謖為主將的客觀因素──這也可看出，後世對馬謖人物形象不斷轉變的原因。
本文將透過對比歷史和街亭之戰的故事情節改編，來探討馬謖人物形象的轉變以及其背後的意義。

The Battle of Jieting was the key battle for Zhuge Liang's first failure in the Northern Expedition, and Masu is the key man who led an army to guard the Jieting. Masu's story of the Three Kingdoms usually is adapted in later generations with diverse shapes of characters; however, his impression is nothing left but only the lost street pavilion.
From the records of Three Kingdoms, Masu had against Zhuge Liang's commands during the war, which led to the defeat of the Shu army. Despite the cause-and-effect of the defeat and story plots are generally developed according to the historical contexts, it is not difficult to find that many story details are different from the historical facts with carefully investigating Masu.
Such differences in details are especially mainly on the personnel arrangements, the retreat situation, and the character image of Masu. From the comparisons of the differences with historical records, the creators not only follow the plots of the Three Kingdoms but also deal with this issue consciously.
This article explored the changes in Masu's character images and the meanings behind them by comparing the historical facts and the adaptation of the storyline of the Battle of Jieting.