馬斯洛﹑羅吉斯及孔子之自我實現人格的比較

A Comparison of Self-Actualizing Personality among Maslow， Rogers， and Confucius

人格幾近統整的人是很少的，基此，各種人格理論很少以正常人格為其研究重心。 馬斯洛原是從事實驗心理學研究者，故馬氏除致力於基本需求的探討外，亦探究最高層次的人格——他稱之為「自我實現」。所謂自我實現意謂能充分運用及展現才能、能量、潛力等。馬氏指出自我實現人格型態應包括十五項正向有益的特性及其他五項負向的特質。 羅吉斯最初致力於人格困擾者的人性研究。羅氏對真正自由及自我接受者稱之為「完全功能化的人」。他認為人性本善，能自我導引，及力求自力。因此，羅氏指出完全功能化的人有三個主要特性及另三個次要內涵。 就孔子的理念，符合人倫觀點的心理健康者，可稱之為「完人」或「理想人」。理想人應具備智而不惑、仁而不憂、勇而不懼的特質。 三人對自我實現人格觀點的主要不同，仍出於他們有不同的背景，故對人道的看法不同所致。馬斯洛初期是實驗心理學者，羅吉斯是臨床心理學家，而孔子是中國偉大的哲學家、政治家、教育家。

Persons who merely approximate total personality integration are very rare. Thus， personality theories seldom center their studies on the normal personality. Abraham Maslow’s original training was in experimental psychology. Therefore， he paid more attention to the basic needs to further engage in the highest level of personality， named “self-actualization” by him. He developed a definition of the self-actualization: it may be loosely described as the full use and exploitation of talents， capacities， potentialities， etc. The SA pattern consists of fifteen characteristics that are positive or favorable and five negative traits. Carl Rogers began his study of human nature with troubled personalities. He called the ideally free and self-accepting person as “the fully functioning person”. He regarded man as inherently good， as self-directed， and as striving toward increased autonomy. Thus， he distinguished three primary characteristics of the fully functioning person， and three secondary implications. According to Confucius’ idea， the person of mental health from the ethical point of view was called the complete man， or the ideal person. An ideal person is supposed to have these qualities: wisdom to be free from perplexities， benevolence from anxiety， and courage from fear. The key difference， in the self-actualizing personality among Maslow， Rogers and Confucius， exists in their distinctive focuses of humanism， concerned with their different backgrounds. Maslow’s original training was in experimental psychology， Rogers was a clinical psychologist， and Confucius was an eminent philosopher， politician， educator in China.