反對運動中的路線分歧：從「國家性」視角比較香港（2006-2019）與台灣（1975-1986）的啟發

Political Cleavages in Opposition Movements: A Comparative Study of Hong Kong (2006-2019) and Taiwan (1975-1986) from the Perspective of Stateness

當前在面對中國因素的作用力上，台港兩地的民主運動有著高度的共鳴，但是，兩地似乎處於不同的民主化階段。本文嘗試從「反對運動」的角度來進行台港兩地民主化發展的比較，特別是以台灣1975至1986年期間的反對運動經驗，與香港2006至2019年所面對的民主運動困境，兩者進行相互的對照。文中主要的研究對象就是在反對運動中所出現的內部分歧，在當時台灣黨外的主要分歧形式是「議會路線／群眾路線」、「體制內改革／改革體制」、「雞兔同籠問題」，香港則是在「泛民／本土」的對立架構下出現了「民主回歸／香港獨立」、「和理非非／勇武抗爭」這些運動內部的對立。然而，同樣面對運動內部理念或路線的分歧問題，為什麼台灣在1986年得以創立「民主進步黨」這個本土政黨，開啟了台灣政黨政治競爭的時代？反觀香港在2019年反送中運動期間，卻需要以「無大台」這種特殊的形式來團結民主運動中不同陣營的力量？為了解釋上述問題，本文以「國家性」此一理論概念作為台港比較的基礎，進一步去探討「中華民國台灣化」與「一國兩制」所形塑的不同國家性狀態（一致型／對峙型）對兩地民主化路徑所產生的影響，並觀察兩地在「激進化程度」和「組織化程度」這些運動型態上所呈現出的差異。

Despite facing similar challenges regarding the influences of the China factor, Taiwan and Hong Kong are experiencing different stages of democratic development. This article aims to compare the opposition movements of Hong Kong and Taiwan. By drawing on the experiences of Taiwan’s opposition movement from 1975 to 1986, we can gain insights into the recent challenges faced by the opposition movement in Hong Kong from 2006 to 2019. The central focus of this study is the emergence of political divisions within the opposition movements. In Taiwan, the major political cleavages within the Tang- Wai movement (“outside the KMT party”) were centered around the concepts of“parliamentary/mass line,”“reform inside/outside the system,”and“chickens and rabbits in the same cage.”In contrast, in Hong Kong, the main political divisions existed between the pan-democratic party and the localist camp, encompassing issues such as“democratic reunification/Hong Kong independence”and“peaceful, rational, non-violent, no foul language/brave fight.”The question that arises is why these political cleavages led to different outcomes. In Taiwan, the formation of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) in 1986 marked the beginning of party competition. Conversely, in Hong Kong, the Anti-ELAB movement relied on a leaderless approach to unite diverse factions. To address this question, we attempt to employ the theoretical concept of“stateness”as the basis for comparing Taiwan and Hong Kong. This further explores the impact of the different types of stateness (convergent/antagonist) shaped by the approaches of“Taiwanizing ROC”and“One Country, Two Systems”as the two regions advanced on their respective democratic paths. Additionally, we observe the differences in the degree of radicalization and organization presented in the movement patterns.