1986 年改革（Đổi Mới）後中越邊境地區赫蒙人青少年的生計選擇

Livelihood Choices of Hmong Adolescents in Sino-Vietnamese Border Areas after the 1986 Reform (Đổi Mới)

1986年改革開放政策開始落實，為了維護領土主權及全國市場經濟模式一致化，越南政府將邊境地區的發展政策列為重要項目。該政策的落實，已將住在邊境的少數民族人帶入全球化的自由市場經濟圈內，使得其生計更有較多的選擇與變遷，而季節性的跨境打工是維持生計的主要方式。本文集中分析中越邊界河江省苗旺縣的赫蒙人如何/為何形成跨境移工的謀生方式。通過觀察法、半結構問卷的深度訪談，本文發現結論如下：第一，造成赫蒙人跨境打工的推力因素主要是由於赫蒙人居住地區自然條件以及生活條件不利，加上政府補助政策效果有限所致。第二，中國經濟發展水平較高，且兩邊長久來往習慣造成拉力因素。第三，上述的地理條件、歷史因素、生產模式以及赫蒙人家庭社會結構等因素互相結合，造成跨境打工的方式、工作內容、時間、仲介管道的方面上都有其特色。跨境移工成為越中邊境赫蒙人參與商品化和全球化進程的部分，同時也大力支持了原本較為封閉、自給自足的農業。

Since 1986, the reform and opening-up policy began to be implemented in Vietnam. The Vietnamese government has listed the border development policy as an important project in order to maintain national sovereignty and the consistency of the market economic model. Implementing this policy brought ethnic minorities, who have been living at the border, into the global free-market economy, and provided them with more choices and livelihood changes. Currently, cross-border seasonal work is the primary way of livelihood. This article focused on how the Hmong people in Meo Vac district, Ha Giang province, the border area between Vietnam–China, formed a way of making a living by cross-border migrant labor, and figured out the causes. Through observation and in-depth interviews with semi-structured questionnaires, this study found the following resultes: Firstly, the cross-border migration of the Hmong people is primarily pushed by the combination of unfavorable natural and poor living conditions in their native areas, along with limited benefits from government policies. Secondly, China's relatively high level of economic development and the long history of mutual exchange habits between both sides have created pull factors. Thirdly, the combination of geographical conditions, historical factors, economic models, and their own family and social structure has uniquely shaped the Hmong people's cross-border working methods, labor practices, work content, timing, and intermediary channels. Nowadays, cross-border migrant labor became a part of the Hmong’s participation in commodification and globalization on the Vietnam-China border while it is strongly supporting the original closed subsistence agriculture soceity.