可及與摩擦：台灣媽祖進香團跨海峽進香的移動政治

Access and Friction: The Politics of Mobility in Cross-Strait Mazu Pilgrimage

本研究視台灣媽祖信仰赴中國大陸進香為跨國界宗教實踐，以移動研究的理論視角與概念工具，分析媽祖跨海峽進香移動經驗與移動政治。跨海峽進香移動於制度與權力形塑的空間，不僅要穿越兩個政治實體的邊界，也移動於不同的宗教治理體制之間。透過訪談、參與觀察與文獻分析，本文發現：首先，聖地可及性並非均等分布在台灣進香團之間，且受制於當地政府對媽祖信仰之治理目標；其次，在跨海峽進香移動的過程中，進香團會遭逢多重且不穩定的摩擦。如何克服摩擦以抵達聖地，成為跨海峽進香移動之重要議題；第三，進香過程中的可及與摩擦等議題，存在灰色空間與權力隱蔽，使得廟宇主事者得以將順滑的移動詮釋為廟宇神尊靈力的世俗效驗；第四，進香團體的移動能力，涉及多重因素，包括廟宇主事者在面對可及與摩擦等議題時動員資源的能力、是否傾向於與尋求中介者協力甚至向對岸之正式力量借力，以及當時的兩岸政治動態。歷經三十餘年來的兩岸宗教交流，跨海峽進香移動經驗與能力的差異，呈現在信仰社群與兩岸政府的眼中，成為形塑廟宇團體間地位階序的重要因素之一。

This paper considers the cross-strait pilgrimages of Taiwanese believers as a type of cross-border religious practice. Adopting the theoretical perspective and conceptual tools of mobility research, this paper analyzes the mobility experiences of cross-strait Mazu pilgrimages during different periods in three decades and explores the politics of mobility involved. This paper points out that cross-strait pilgrimage groups not only move across the Taiwan Strait as a political border between two political entities with territorial-power and border-control disputes, they also move across spaces regulated by different regimes of religious governance. Issues of access and friction are significant in such cross-strait pilgrimage mobility. This paper finds that, first, the ability of pilgrimage groups to access the sacred site are constrained by the religious governance in China. Second, during their journeys the pilgrimage groups encounter multiple and unstable frictions. Third, when dealing with issues related to access and friction during the pilgrimage, temple leaders in some cases prefer to attribute the results to the efficacy of their deities instead of disclosing the mechanisms and power dynamics they encounter in the real world. Fourth, cross-strait pilgrimage mobilities are constituted and constrained by multiple factors: the political dynamics of cross-strait relationships, and the temple leaders’ability to mobilize resources. Some temple leaders may achieve the pilgrimage mobilities with the assistance of collaborative mediators or the leverage of formal authorities in mainland China. The differences in the mobility experiences of the cross-strait Mazu pilgrimages are conceived by Taiwanese belief communities and governments, and hence significantly influence the formulation of status hierarchies among Taiwanese Mazu temples. Research methods include interview, archive, and participatory observation.