社會認知生涯理論與大專運動員生涯發展之文獻回顧

Social cognitive career theory and elite student athletes’career development: A literature review

「中等以上學校運動成績優良學生升學輔導辦法」引領著我國多個世代的運動績優選手除能具備持續升學的學生資格外，也維持著可精進其競技運動表現，參與重要賽事且為國爭光的運動員身分。但大專優秀運動員無論是就學期間或是未來畢業進入社會，都將面對著與一般學生不同的挑戰，這一直也都是教育機構積極對其輔導的重要目標。整體而言，學業問題仍是目前國內、外學生運動員所面臨適應上最棘手的一個問題，其次則是校園中人際關係的障礙。消弭這些困難的方法，陸陸續續都有專家學者研究並提出建議，透過適當提升運動員對自身學生身份的角色認同，將有助其投入課業、融入一般學生群體，並對未來生涯發展之轉銜有一定的影響力。文獻回顧發現「社會認知生涯理論」可應用於大專運動員的生涯發展規劃，理論中的自我效能變項能夠有效預測多個生涯發展行為，特別是能夠幫助運動員更有自信地做出生涯的決策。因此，若能及早針對學生運動員的生涯規劃提供相關訊息、輔以適切的輔導機制，將有助提升學生運動員在面對生涯阻礙時的自信心，繼而增進其自我的問題解決能力，並彙整運動與工作關聯的認知，使其生涯轉銜能較為順當。故本研究建議學校端應規劃完整的生涯發展與輔導策略，提供整體配套機制，使其在學業與競技運動生涯上有多元的選擇機會，結構性地引導並建構明確的生涯展望目標。

“Regulations for facilitating admission to higher education for students with outstanding sports performance at high school level and above”is a main policy for elite student-athletes to facilitate admission to higher education, and at the same time, as national athletes to participate in sports competition. However, different from non-athlete students, students participating in sports at an elite level have faced huge challenges in school and society, contributing to career development issues that education authorities have endeavored to address. In general, for elite student-athletes, compared to other concerns such as interpersonal relations with their counterparts, stereotypes or discrimination, academic performance has been the one of most noticeable hindrances to career development. Plenty of research mentioned the importance of providing elite student-athletes with adequate assistance and counseling to facilitate their career transition, and meanwhile balance the identity of being a student and an athlete.“Social cognitive career theory”(SCCT) has been found suitable for investigating career path and development for elite studentathletes, especially how they are capable of adapting to school and career development. Furthermore, SCCT also demonstrates that student-athletes are more likely to have trouble balancing a student and an athlete due to lacking life goals, self-efficacy and confidence to make career decision. providing the information and counselling of career development or transition are regarded the effective approaches for elite student-athletes to help them face the career barriers with confidence, own problem-solving ability, and recognize the relationship between sports and jobs. Higher education institutions are suggested to plan sound and tailored career development and counselling strategies for elite student-athletes, and then provide supporting mechanism to make them have multiple choices between academic study and sports competition, and finally, lead them to expand career opportunities and explore career possibilities.