求道與體道：從「道德幸福」見荀子「幸福觀」及其與「孔顏之樂」的思想聯繫

The Pursuit of the Dao and the Embodiment of the Dao: Xunzi’s Perspective on“Happiness”and its Connection to the Thoughts on“The Joy of Confucius and Yan Hui”

本文寫作分為兩階段論述，在第一階段，由《荀子‧儒效》中一段論及生命如何「賤而貴，愚而智，貧而富」的問題，帶出「學」以「成德」的重要性。透過此種「成德」之學，可使我們進一步看出荀子思想中，個人「德性」涵養與「幸福」的關聯性，此種幸福則屬於「境界」型態的層次，而有別於以「客觀境遇」界定「福」之理路。在第二階段，荀子此種「成德」之「學」，與孔子「學也，祿在其中矣」的觀點亦有互相詮釋的空間，而通過「學什麼？」的問題，荀子之「學」亦隱含著上接「孔顏之學」的可能性，並在「樂」境上達成一致。因此，本文首要彰顯荀子「幸福觀」之內容，再透過「孔顏之樂」這條途徑，將荀子置放在儒學史脈絡中來觀看。

The study explores Xunzi’s ideas in two phases. In the first phase, the significance of forming morality through learning is shown in the saying“To be noble and not lowly, to be intelligent and not foolish, and to be rich and not poor.”in Xunzi (《荀子》). By achieving morality through learning in the ideas of Xunzi, a man’s morality in his cultivation is correlated with intrinsic blessedness, which exists at the level of a spiritual realm and varies from extrinsic blessedness by definition of the Chinese character“福”in pre-Qin dynasties. In the next phase, the pattern of achieving morality through learning in Xunzi’s ideas also shares cross references with the saying“With learning, emolument may be found in it.”in Confucius’s perspectives. The issue in the properties of learning also reveals that Xunzi’s ideas above implicitly include the possibilities concerning Confucianism (ideas of Confucius and Yenhui), in which Xunzi and Confucianism both share same views in the joy of spiritual realm. In short, the study first sheds light on Xunzi’s ideas of blessedness sphere and examines Xunzi’s ideas in the development of Confucianism via the dimension of joy in practicing Confucianism.