牟宗三先生對儒家的實踐性格之議論──比對Tenenbaum對實踐哲學之理解

The Practicality of Confucianism Articulated by Mou Zongsan: With Reference to Tenenbaum's Conception of Practical Philosophy

當代倫理學者Sergio Tenenbaum在《善的表相》一書中對實踐哲學中的重要課題作出詳細討論，從中展示一些具關鍵性的觀念如：主體、評價、能動性（motivational）、制約性（normativity）、行動的可理解性（intelligibility）、欲望、思考衡量（deliberation）等，並引申出實踐哲學的特性。Tenenbaum根據對上述這些觀念的分析，提出一種可證立的理性主義（他稱之為學院派的觀點Scholastic View），反對認為評價與行動的動力不相干的分離論（Separatism）；在這個理論下，突顯出主體在價值判斷及行動上的權威性，至此實踐哲學之為實踐的因着主體的核心地位而得以彰著。
本文首先介紹Tenenbaum對實踐哲學之要素的說明，再以標誌實踐哲學的五個範疇來探討Tenenbaum在這些方面的主張，從而揭示出他對實踐理性在價值領域中的地位及運作方式的理解。本文進一步分析儒家在此五個範疇中的觀點，所依據的是牟宗三先生對儒學特性的判斷，最後直接闡述牟先生對實踐性的哲學觀念。希望藉着有關的討論，對「實踐性」的觀念，以至「實踐哲學」的本質，得到確切而深入的認識。對儒學作為實踐哲學的涵義，以及其獨特的性格，也希望透過與Tenenbaum理論的比對，更能彰顯出來。

This essay presents the meanings of and the inter-relationships among the concepts of agent, desire, evaluation, normativity, the intelligibility of an action, deliberation etc., discussed in Appearances of the Good by the contemporary ethicist Sergio Tenenbaum. Tenenbaum establishes a justifiable rationalism, Scholastic View, as opposed to the view of Separatism, which holds that evaluation has nothing to do with the motivational force of an action. By upholding the importance of the role of agent and practical reason in making value judgment as well as in performing moral actions, he demonstrates the salient features of practical philosophy. This essay summarizes Tenenbaum’s ideas on practicality and analyses them by five categories. Then characteristics of Confucianism especially those define practical philosophy as understood by Mou Zongsan are explored. It is expected that by making reference to Tenenbaum’s view, the theoretical superiority of Confucianism as a practical philosophy will be evident.