陸西星的男女双修觀與身體心性論——內丹男女双修的批判性反思

The method of man and woman practice together to the Liu-Xi-Xing–A critic reflection to the practice of man and woman together about neidan

本文以明代東派創始者陸西星爲討論對象，尤其集中在陸氏丹道的實踐工夫之進路與內容上。陸西星屬於双修派，主張男性修行者在後天的身心精氣狀態，由於自身缺乏先天之炁，需有外藥的採取和填補，故有所謂取坎塡離的双修實踐。從歷史層面講，陸氏双修深受《周易參同契》、《悟真篇》、陳致虛等影響；從哲學層面講，陸氏双修則涉及陰陽世界觀、同類藥物觀、精氣身體觀等理論。然而，由於陸氏又深受老莊性修、佛教空觀、北宗清修等啓發，故其双修工夫的前後，都帶有甚深的心性修養滲透其中。故本論除了略為追溯陸氏双修的來源外，更要分析其双修主張背後的基礎思維，再進到双修的具體實踐之分析，然後討論命修採藥和性修煉己的次第過程中，身體實踐和心性實踐的複雜互動關係。論文的最後，本文將跳出內丹双修的脈絡之外，對之進行批判性的反思，尤其從形上學的宏大敍述、文化符碼的象徵詮釋、性別的權力倫理關係等角度，試圖對双修主張提出一些初步的反省。

This paper wants to discuss those practical approaches and contents of Liu-Xi-Xing who was the chief of the East-group in the Ming dynasty. Liu-Xi-Xing asserted the method which man and woman practice together. He claimed which man's body is in a empirical state of lacking hsien-t'en chi, so he should seek it from woman's body. That is so called take the power of woman to supply the lack of man. From the historical view, Liu-Xi-Xing was influenceed by the book of Zhou Yi Cantongqi etcetera. From the philosophical view, his practical approach concern with the world view of Yin-Yang, the medicine view of the same kind, and the body state of the chi. Because of the influencees of spiritual practice from Taoism, Buddhism, and northern group of chen-jen, the method of man and woman practice together is not just a skill of sexual intercourse. I will trace out the origins about Liu-Xi-Xing's asserts, and also will discourse the complicated relationship between body and mind. Finally, I will attempt to take a critic view to the skill of man and woman practice together from those aspects: the grand narrative of metaphysics, the interpretation of cultural symbolism, and the ethics of Gender.