罪惡感與羞恥感及其反應行為：社會認知論取向之探究

Guilt and Shame and Their Reactions: An Investigation from a Social Cognitive Theory Perspective

罪惡感與羞恥感是相似的情緒，過去研究探討兩者的差異多聚焦於個體的特質傾向。本文採社會認知論觀點，主張外在情境與內在自責特質交互決定個體的兩種情緒反應，並討論後續引發的行為。本文假設犯錯情境中的評價來源與注意力焦點差異為引發罪惡感與羞恥感的重要因素，且與個人的自責特質傾向產生交互作用（研究一、二），並影響後續兩種情緒帶來負面感受的因應行為（研究二）。研究一透過實驗設計操弄評價來源與注意力焦點，並於研究二加入自責特質傾向與行為反應的測量。研究結果顯示：「評價來源為自己、注意力焦點為傷害他人」會產生較多罪惡感，而「評價來源為他人、注意力焦點為自己能力缺失」會產生較多羞恥感。另外，研究二進一步探究情境與自責特質傾向的交互作用如何影響罪惡感與羞恥感的產生，結果顯示：當情境中造成他人損傷的特徵鮮明時，個體本身的自責特質傾向較難產生加強或減弱罪惡感的效果。而當情境特徵較為中性或模糊時，個體的自責特質傾向就會影響罪惡感情緒的產生。最後，兩種情緒也會引發在補償、自我提升、逃避與否認等行為的差異反應，其中，罪惡感受較容易引發補償行為，但也會減低否認行為；而羞恥感受較容易引發逃避行為，但也會助長自我提升行為。

Both guilt and shame are moral emotions. Studies often distinguish the two emotions according to individuals’differing dispositions. From the perspective of social cognitive theory, this study explores how the situational factors (target of focus and evaluation source) of a wrong-doing event generate feelings of guilt and shame, and how they subsequently lead to behavioral reactions. When individuals focus on others and perceive evaluation from themselves, they are more likely to feel guilty rather than ashamed, and when individuals focus on themselves and perceive evaluation from others, they are more likely to feel shamed rather than guilty (study 1 and study 2). Furthermore, we add the characterological blame trait as a personality factor to understand how that disposition interacts with situational factors on the generation of guilt and shame. Our findings suggest that the two emotions lead to different behavioral tendencies (study 2). The results of both studies show that when individuals perceive the evaluation source from themselves and focus on others, they generate more guilty feelings than ashamed feelings; however, when they feel the evaluation source from others and the focus on themselves, more ashamed feelings are generated. Furthermore, study 2 illustrates that when the context is characterized by the fact that the individual has caused damage to others, it is difficult for the individual’s self-blame tendency to produce its strengthening or weakening effect on the generation of guilty feelings. However, when the situational characteristics are neutral or vague, the individual’s self-blame tendency affects the generation of guilty feelings. In addition, guilt leads to increased compensation behaviors and reduced denial tendencies, while shame triggers both self-enhancement and escape behaviors.