左冢棋局及博塞遊戲相關問題探究

Investigating the Zuozhong Game Board and Bosai Games

左冢棋局的形制特點與戰國楚墓出土的六博棋局相符，圖案與傳世典籍稱為「格五」的塞戲，及漢代畫像石相同，推測是塞戲棋局。參照孔家坡漢簡《天牢》、北大漢簡《居官圖》六十甲子次序，將棋局文字書寫方向當作指引，嘗試復原行棋路線。左冢棋局同心方的構圖反映畿服制度的概念，內框與外框分別代表「內服」與「外服」；中央圓圈代表「地中」、「土中」、「天下之中」，天子擇此建立王國；中央垂直交叉的十字道代表「周行」、「周道」，是周王室向外聯絡最高等級的道路。最內一欄方框的文字代表天子的灋典，第四欄代表分封諸侯，第五欄代表蠻夷戎狄。圖案和文字共同呈現戰國時代理想的政治地理格局。博塞遊戲原以投擲六箸為主，之後出現代替六箸的博骰，因此博骰最大數值為「六」，超過此數皆是酒令骰。戰國秦漢時期博骰有三種類型，西辛戰國牙骰為十四面體，王家臺秦墓木骰為正立方體，箭臺村漢代陶骰為具有中軸的六面體，多樣化博骰突破過往的認識。

The shape and the characteristics of the zuozhong game board are consistent with the liubo game boards unearthed at tombs from the state of Chu in the Warring States period, and the pattern of the zuozhong game board is the same as that of a sai game called “gewu” in traditional literature and stone reliefs of the Han dynasty. These findings suggest that the zuozhong game board is in fact a sai game board. According to the sequence of the “sixty Jiazi” in the bamboo slips with the title Tianlao from the Kongjiapo tomb of the Han dynasty and the Han bamboo slips titled Juguan tu collected by Peking University, this article uses the directionality of the writing of the zuozhong game board as a guide to recover the game route and meaning. The composition of the concentric square of the zuozhong game board may reflect the concept of the jifu (territorial division) system: the inner and outer frames represent the “internal” and “external” systems, respectively; the central circle denotes “the center of the earth,” “the center of the realm,” and “the center of all under heaven,” which was chosen by the emperor to establish the imperial city; the perpendicular roads which form a cross in the center connote “Zhouhang” and “Zhoudao,” the highest-level roads connecting the Zhou royal court to the outside. Furthermore, the words found in the innermost square represent the laws of the emperor, those of the fourth square indicate the feudal system of vassal states, and those of the fifth portray the barbarians. In this way, the pattern and words jointly show the political geography of the Warring States period. Bosai games had mainly been based on the throwing of six sticks; later, betting dice replaced the sticks. The maximum value is “six,” and if one exceeds this number, the die is used for a drinking game. There are three types of dice used in gambling games from the Warring States period as well as the Qin and Han dynasties: the ivory die discovered at Xixin from the Warring States period is fourteen sided, the Qin wooden dice unearthed at Wangjiatai are cubes, and the Han ceramic die of Jiantai village is a hexahedron with a central axis. This discovery of a diversity of betting dice provides us with a new understanding of past knowledge.