西漢早期的天地模型——以馬王堆帛書《地剛圖》及《堪輿》為中心

The Heaven-and-Earth Model in Early Western Han Dynasty: Highlighting the Mawangdui Silk Texts Digang Graph and Kanyu

本文解說《地剛圖》各別元件的名稱及功能，分別為綱、縜、地中，整幅圖畫以方形大地象徵車輿。其上書寫文字東門、南門、西門、北門為四時寒暑風雨出入之處；干支代表冬夏二至及五行之節，彰顯大地氣候的更迭。于省吾舊藏漢象牙式盤背面刻有「天剛」是天盤的名稱，因此「地剛」可能是地盤的名稱。完整天地結構為：方形車輿之上有綱繩聯絡圓形車蓋，最終維繫於北斗。《堪輿》北斗之神雄左行，雌右行，應分別行於天、地。其名「堪」為「斟」的通假，象徵天之北斗；「輿」象徵地之車輿。附圖「大羅圖」地支右行，蘊含大地右行的觀念。兩漢之際緯書「地右動」的思想來源，至遲可往前追溯到西漢早期的數術文獻。

This article elaborates on the names and functions of individual components such as mainstays, knots, and the center of the earth in the Digang Graph. Accordingly, the square earth symbolizes the chassis. The terms east-gate, south-gate, west-gate, and north-gate represent the points at which wind, rain, and the four seasons pass through. Stems and branches stand for winter solstice, summer solstice, and the five phases indicating climatic changes. In the collection by Yu Xing-wu, Tiangang is the name of the heaven-disc, and it is engraved on the back of the Han ivory disc. On account of this, Digang may possibly be the name of the earth-plate. The entire heaven and earth are configured as such: the mainstays on the square chassis are connected to the dome and ultimately attached to the Northern Dipper. In Kanyu, the male deity of the Northern Dipper traverses leftward in the heaven and the female deity moves rightward on earth. The character “kan” is similarly pronounced as “zhen,” and it symbolizes the Northern Dipper of the heaven. In turn, word “yu” signifies the chassis of the earth. In the Daluo Graph, the earthly branches are arranged counterclockwise, and this indicates the earth’s rightward rotation. The doctrine “Rightward Rotation of the Earth” in the weft texts, which was published during the transition from the West Han to the East Han, could be traced back to the early Western Han literatures of Shushu.